Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and
Physiology review questions with
correct solutions
Phospholipids and glycolipids - Answer are lipids that have
phosphate-containing groups or sugars attached to them; they
function as components of cell membranes
PROTEINS - Answer Proteins are a functionally diverse group of
molecules with very similar primary structures. They consist of
amino acids bonded to one another by peptide bonds.
The functions of proteins is variable, including - Answer catalysis
(enzymes), transport (plasma membrane proteins, hemoglobin&
lipoproteins), chemical messengers (some hormones and
neurotransmitters), immunity and defense.
NUCLEIC ACIDS - Answer are chains of nucleotides bonded to one
another (i.e., monomers = nucleotides.
polymers - Answer nucleic acids).
Nucleic acids function - Answer in containing hereditary
information, containing information about proteins and
performing protein synthesis.
,The first Structural levels of organization - Answer the primary
sequence is the linear sequence of amino acids in the chain.
The secondary structural levels of organization sequence -
Answer is the twisting or coiling of the linear chain, which results
from hydrogen bonds that occur at regular intervals along the
chain.
The Third structural levels of organization - Answer tertiary
sequence is the folding of the coiled chain and is a result of
interactions between R groups, which means that it varies
depending on the primary structure.
fourth structural levels of organization - Answer the tertiary
structure is the aggregation of two or more coiled chains. The 3-D
shape of a protein influences its function. The tertiary sequence is
critical in dictating the overall 3-dimensional shape. The surface
of the molecule will contain regions for binding to other
molecules; the shape of these regions is critical to proper
functioning.
The two structural classes of proteins are - Answer globular
proteins and fibrous proteins. Globular proteins typically function
in providing structural framework & mechanical support or
movement.
,Globular proteins tend to serve a wider variety of functions,
including - Answer catalysis (enzymes), molecular chaperones,
transport, regulate pH, regulate metabolism and defense.
Enzyme - Answer a molecule composed at least partially of
protein which catalyzes a biochemical reaction
Apoenzyme - Answer the protein portion of an enzyme that
requires a cofactor (or coenzyme)
Holoenzyme - Answer the apoenzyme + cofactor (or coenzyme)
Cofactor - Answer a substance that may be required for the
proper functioning of an enzyme, which is either a metal ion or a
coenzyme
Coenzyme - Answer a large organic molecule that may be
required for the proper functioning of an enzyme
RNA consists - Answer of a single strand of nucleotides. It
functions in protein synthesis and the formation of ribosomes.
DNA consists - Answer of two strands of nucleotides (at least in
humans and most other organisms) that are twisted to form a
helix. It functions in passing hereditary information from one
, generation to the next and in containing instructions for making
all proteins within the cell.
ADP - Answer (adenosine diphosphate)
ATP - Answer (adenosine triphosphate).
ATP - Answer is the energy currency of the cell. When excess
energy is given off from a chemical energy, the energy is used to
make ATP from ADP, which stores it for use elsewhere. When
energy is needed to drive a chemical reaction ATP is broken down
to ADP and the energy from that terminal bond is released.
Monosaccharides are - Answer the monomers of carbohydrates;
the most common is glucose. It is used as a direct energy source.
Polysaccharides are - Answer carbohydrate polymers that are
formed by dehydration synthesis that attaches many
monosaccharides together.
Polysaccharides are used - Answer to store energy (starch in
plants, glycogen in animals) or for structural support (cellulose in
plants and chitin in some animals).
Fatty acids - Answer are monomers of triglycerides.
Physiology review questions with
correct solutions
Phospholipids and glycolipids - Answer are lipids that have
phosphate-containing groups or sugars attached to them; they
function as components of cell membranes
PROTEINS - Answer Proteins are a functionally diverse group of
molecules with very similar primary structures. They consist of
amino acids bonded to one another by peptide bonds.
The functions of proteins is variable, including - Answer catalysis
(enzymes), transport (plasma membrane proteins, hemoglobin&
lipoproteins), chemical messengers (some hormones and
neurotransmitters), immunity and defense.
NUCLEIC ACIDS - Answer are chains of nucleotides bonded to one
another (i.e., monomers = nucleotides.
polymers - Answer nucleic acids).
Nucleic acids function - Answer in containing hereditary
information, containing information about proteins and
performing protein synthesis.
,The first Structural levels of organization - Answer the primary
sequence is the linear sequence of amino acids in the chain.
The secondary structural levels of organization sequence -
Answer is the twisting or coiling of the linear chain, which results
from hydrogen bonds that occur at regular intervals along the
chain.
The Third structural levels of organization - Answer tertiary
sequence is the folding of the coiled chain and is a result of
interactions between R groups, which means that it varies
depending on the primary structure.
fourth structural levels of organization - Answer the tertiary
structure is the aggregation of two or more coiled chains. The 3-D
shape of a protein influences its function. The tertiary sequence is
critical in dictating the overall 3-dimensional shape. The surface
of the molecule will contain regions for binding to other
molecules; the shape of these regions is critical to proper
functioning.
The two structural classes of proteins are - Answer globular
proteins and fibrous proteins. Globular proteins typically function
in providing structural framework & mechanical support or
movement.
,Globular proteins tend to serve a wider variety of functions,
including - Answer catalysis (enzymes), molecular chaperones,
transport, regulate pH, regulate metabolism and defense.
Enzyme - Answer a molecule composed at least partially of
protein which catalyzes a biochemical reaction
Apoenzyme - Answer the protein portion of an enzyme that
requires a cofactor (or coenzyme)
Holoenzyme - Answer the apoenzyme + cofactor (or coenzyme)
Cofactor - Answer a substance that may be required for the
proper functioning of an enzyme, which is either a metal ion or a
coenzyme
Coenzyme - Answer a large organic molecule that may be
required for the proper functioning of an enzyme
RNA consists - Answer of a single strand of nucleotides. It
functions in protein synthesis and the formation of ribosomes.
DNA consists - Answer of two strands of nucleotides (at least in
humans and most other organisms) that are twisted to form a
helix. It functions in passing hereditary information from one
, generation to the next and in containing instructions for making
all proteins within the cell.
ADP - Answer (adenosine diphosphate)
ATP - Answer (adenosine triphosphate).
ATP - Answer is the energy currency of the cell. When excess
energy is given off from a chemical energy, the energy is used to
make ATP from ADP, which stores it for use elsewhere. When
energy is needed to drive a chemical reaction ATP is broken down
to ADP and the energy from that terminal bond is released.
Monosaccharides are - Answer the monomers of carbohydrates;
the most common is glucose. It is used as a direct energy source.
Polysaccharides are - Answer carbohydrate polymers that are
formed by dehydration synthesis that attaches many
monosaccharides together.
Polysaccharides are used - Answer to store energy (starch in
plants, glycogen in animals) or for structural support (cellulose in
plants and chitin in some animals).
Fatty acids - Answer are monomers of triglycerides.
