GTC Microbiology Test 1 Review
Questions & Answers
characteristics of viruses - ANSWERSacellular, consist of DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein
coat
by changing the metabolism of the invaded cell - ANSWERSHow do viruses grow?
spontaneous generation - ANSWERSbelieved that living organisms came from non-living
material
Leeuwenhook - ANSWERSFather of Microbiology; observed the first microorganisms; coined the
term cell
Semmelweis - ANSWERSimportance of handwashing
Lister - ANSWERSinfection control; put phenol on bandages and instruments to reduce
infection; beginning of aseptic surgery
Pasteur - ANSWERSdefeated the idea of spontaneous generation; developed a flask where air
could enter but organisms could not; rabies vaccine
Koch - ANSWERSdeveloped ways of studying bacteria in the lab (AGAR, pure cultures); one
organism=one disease; discovered cause of anthrax and tuberculosis
1. agent must be found in every case
2. isloated in pure culture
,3. inoculation should produce the same disease in another animal
4. should be able to isolate organism again from diseased animal - ANSWERSKoch's Postulates
(4)
Jenner - ANSWERSvaccination against smallpox using cowpox
Fleming - ANSWERSdiscovered penicillin; began chemotherapy
mycology - ANSWERSthe scientific study of fungi
infectious disease - ANSWERSa contagious illness that results from the growth and presence of
pathogenic biological agents
normal microbiota - ANSWERSthe normal microorganisms regularly found at any anatomical site
emerging disease - ANSWERSa disease that appears in a population for the first time or that
may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence
SARS, H1N1, MRSA, VRSA - ANSWERSexamples of emerging disease (4)
cystalline violet, methylene blue - ANSWERSexamples of simple stains
Negative - ANSWERSBacteria generally have what charge?
have a positive charge, and attract and color bacteria - ANSWERSA basic dye will
a negative charge, will repel bacteria - ANSWERSAn acidic dye has
, simple stain - ANSWERS1 dye is used
nagative (capsule) stain - ANSWERSrepelled from bacteria, only background will be colored
differential stain - ANSWERSuse more than one stain to differentiate bacteria or structures (ex:
gram stain)
crystalline violet - ANSWERSprimary stain
iodine - ANSWERSmordant; sets the stain
alcohol - ANSWERSdecolorizer; washes out the stain from gram negative bacteria
safranin - ANSWERScounterstain; stains gram negative pink
pleomorphic - ANSWERSmany formed; capable of assuming many shapes
glycocalyx - ANSWERSexternal to the cell wall of bacteria; layer of polysaccharides and peptides
that keep the cell from drying out; 2 layers
1. capsule
2. slime layer
capsule - ANSWERSdense gel bound tightly to the cell; protects the cell from phagocytosis
pneumococcal pneumonia - ANSWERSexample of bacteria with a capsule
Questions & Answers
characteristics of viruses - ANSWERSacellular, consist of DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein
coat
by changing the metabolism of the invaded cell - ANSWERSHow do viruses grow?
spontaneous generation - ANSWERSbelieved that living organisms came from non-living
material
Leeuwenhook - ANSWERSFather of Microbiology; observed the first microorganisms; coined the
term cell
Semmelweis - ANSWERSimportance of handwashing
Lister - ANSWERSinfection control; put phenol on bandages and instruments to reduce
infection; beginning of aseptic surgery
Pasteur - ANSWERSdefeated the idea of spontaneous generation; developed a flask where air
could enter but organisms could not; rabies vaccine
Koch - ANSWERSdeveloped ways of studying bacteria in the lab (AGAR, pure cultures); one
organism=one disease; discovered cause of anthrax and tuberculosis
1. agent must be found in every case
2. isloated in pure culture
,3. inoculation should produce the same disease in another animal
4. should be able to isolate organism again from diseased animal - ANSWERSKoch's Postulates
(4)
Jenner - ANSWERSvaccination against smallpox using cowpox
Fleming - ANSWERSdiscovered penicillin; began chemotherapy
mycology - ANSWERSthe scientific study of fungi
infectious disease - ANSWERSa contagious illness that results from the growth and presence of
pathogenic biological agents
normal microbiota - ANSWERSthe normal microorganisms regularly found at any anatomical site
emerging disease - ANSWERSa disease that appears in a population for the first time or that
may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence
SARS, H1N1, MRSA, VRSA - ANSWERSexamples of emerging disease (4)
cystalline violet, methylene blue - ANSWERSexamples of simple stains
Negative - ANSWERSBacteria generally have what charge?
have a positive charge, and attract and color bacteria - ANSWERSA basic dye will
a negative charge, will repel bacteria - ANSWERSAn acidic dye has
, simple stain - ANSWERS1 dye is used
nagative (capsule) stain - ANSWERSrepelled from bacteria, only background will be colored
differential stain - ANSWERSuse more than one stain to differentiate bacteria or structures (ex:
gram stain)
crystalline violet - ANSWERSprimary stain
iodine - ANSWERSmordant; sets the stain
alcohol - ANSWERSdecolorizer; washes out the stain from gram negative bacteria
safranin - ANSWERScounterstain; stains gram negative pink
pleomorphic - ANSWERSmany formed; capable of assuming many shapes
glycocalyx - ANSWERSexternal to the cell wall of bacteria; layer of polysaccharides and peptides
that keep the cell from drying out; 2 layers
1. capsule
2. slime layer
capsule - ANSWERSdense gel bound tightly to the cell; protects the cell from phagocytosis
pneumococcal pneumonia - ANSWERSexample of bacteria with a capsule
