Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology by Hooley (17th Ed) Exam Questions with Correct Answers

Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology by Hooley (17th Ed) Exam Questions with Correct Answers Which of the following is an example of family aggregation? a. Both Jane and her husband are alcoholics. b. Jim and John, 21-year-old friends, are both schizophrenics. c. Karen, her mother, and her grandmother all have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder. d. Kim's suicide was apparently a reaction to her mother's abuse. - Correct Answers: c. Karen, her mother, and her grandmother all have been diagnosed with generalized anxiety What makes defining abnormality difficult? a. There are so many types of abnormal behavior that they can't be accurately described. b. There is no one behavior that serves to make someone abnormal. c. Most of us are abnormal much of the time so that we cannot tell what is normal. d. Criteria for abnormality have yet to be developed. - Correct Answers: b. There is no one behavior that serves to make someone abnormal. Which of the following is a sufficient element to determine abnormality? a. Suffering b. Maladaptiveness c. Deviancy d. There is no single sufficient element. - Correct Answers: d. There is no single sufficient element. The fact that body piercings are commonplace today while they would once have been viewed as abnormal illustrates that a. modern society is unlikely to change. b. what is acceptable for men and women is no longer different. c. American culture values independence. d. the values of a society may change over time. - Correct Answers: d. the values of a society may change over time. Brett persistently injects himself with pain killers. This has greatly increased his chance of overdosing and dying. His behavior harms no one else. According to the DSM-5, is Brett's behavior consistent with the definition of a mental disorder? a. Yes, because many people in society engage in this behavior. b. Yes, because he is persistently acting in a way that harms him. c. No, because his behavior must also harm the well-being of others in the community. d. No, because there is no evidence that his actions are out of his own control. - Correct Answers: b. Yes, because he is persistently acting in a way that harms him. According to the DSM, when is deviant behavior viewed as indicative of a mental disorder? a. Always b. Only when the behavior is inconsistent with cultural norms c. When it is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual d. Never - Correct Answers: c. When it is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual In the field of abnormal psychology, what does DSM stand for? a. Disorders, Science, and the Mind b. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual c. Descriptors for the Science of the Mind d. Diagnostic Science of the Mind - Correct Answers: b. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Which of the following is included in the DSM-5? a. A discussion of the various causes of mental disorders b. A means of identifying different mental disorders c. A description of all conditions for mental illness d. A description of all of the possible treatments for each disorder - Correct Answers: b. A means of identifying different mental disorders In the United States, the standard for defining types of mental disorders is contained in the________ a. American Psychological Association's bylaws. b. American Psychiatric Association's bylaws. c. World Health Organization's classification code. d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. - Correct Answers: d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Which of the following best describes the DSM? a. A complete guide to the origin, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders b. A work in progress that classifies mental disorders based on what is currently known c. A fundamentally flawed collection of unfounded assumptions about mental disorders d. A collection of random opinions about diagnosing mental disorders - Correct Answers: b. A work in progress that classifies mental disorders based on what is currently known According to the case study in the textbook, for Zell Kravinsky the burden of _______ was almost unbearable. a. hoarding personal possessions b. washing his hands compulsively c. refusing to help others d. writing and rewriting letters to his family - Correct Answers: c. refusing to help others What is a reason for classifying mental disorders? a. A classification system allows information to be organized. b. So that professionals won't need to look at as much information about a person. c. So that professionals can make assumptions about people based on their diagnoses. d. The diagnosis can have an effect on people's behaviors. - Correct Answers: a. A classification system allows information to be organized. Which concept provides psychologists with a consistent naming system that can be used to organize and identify information in a helpful manner? a. Epidemiology b. Classification c. Brain research d. Labeling - Correct Answers: b. Classification The International Classification of Diseases, revision 10 (ICD 10) is produced by ________ a. the American Psychological Association. b. the American Psychiatric Association. c. the World Health Organization. d. the American Medical Association - Correct Answers: c. the World Health Organization. Which of the following is a disadvantage of having a classification system formental disorders? a. A classification system establishes the types of problems that mental professionals can treat. b. When a label is used to describe an individual's behavior, information about the person is lost. c. A classification system allows for research to advance. d. Identifying the disorder that an individual has guides treatment. - Correct Answers: b. When a label is used to describe an individual's behavior, information about the person is lost. Which of the following statements is true concerning classification systems for mental disorders? a. It is far more important that they be reliable than it is for them to be valid. b. Classification systems make it more difficult to gather statistics on the incidence and prevalence of disorders. c. Classification systems meet the needs of medical insurance companies who need diagnoses in order to authorize payment of claims. d. Although they assist scientists who are researching disorders, they always inhibit our ability to communicate about abnormal behavior in a consistent way - Correct Answers: c. Classification systems meet the needs of medical insurance companies who need diagnoses in order to authorize payment of claims. All of the following are disadvantages of classifying and diagnosing mental disorders except ________ a. stereotyping. b. labeling. c. stigma. d. structure. - Correct Answers: d. structure. Stereotyping is an example of the stigma of mental illness. It means________ a. people are reluctant to discuss their psychological problems because they are afraid others won't like them. b. people feel very sad and upset when they find out they have a mental illness. c. the automatic and often incorrect beliefs people have about people with mental illness. d. the problem of removing the diagnosis, even if people make a full recovery from mental illness. - Correct Answers: c. the automatic and often incorrect beliefs people have about people with mental illness. What is wrong with describing someone as being "schizophrenic"? a. It implies someone is depressed. b. Such a definitive diagnosis is rare. c. The behavior of the schizophrenic changes so rapidly that this is only true a small percentage of the time. d. Labels should be applied to disorders, not to people. - Correct Answers: d. Labels should be applied to disorders, not to people. Which of the following has been shown to reduce stigma of the mentally ill? a. Educating people that a mental illness is a "real" brain disorder b. Referring to a mental illness as a "mental disease" c. Increasing contact with individuals who have a mental illness d. Applying labels to individuals, such as "schizophrenic" or "bipolar" - Correct Answers: c. Increasing contact with individuals who have a mental illness What does the case of JGH, a Native American elder, illustrate? a. Alcoholism has long lasting effects on mood and behavior, even when drinking has ceased. b. A person may focus on somatic symptoms, rather than mood, when depressed. c. Depression is not universal. d. The symptoms of some illnesses are not apparent until after lengthy psychological evaluation. - Correct Answers: b. A person may focus on somatic symptoms, rather than mood, when depressed. What is a culture-specific disorder? a. A disorder seen in all cultures b. A disorder that is seen universally, but presents itself differently depending on cultural factors c. A disorder that is a product of cultural stressors d. A disorder seen only in certain cultures - Correct Answers: d. A disorder seen only in certain cultures Practically speaking, "abnormal" behavior means a. any behavior that is "away from the normal" and causes any distress. b. any behavior that causes the person distress. c. any behavior that causes us to consider our values. d. any behavior that deviates from the norms of the society in which the person lives. - Correct Answers: d. any behavior that deviates from the norms of the society in which the person lives Maria believes that her dead grandmother occasionally speaks to her. In deciding if Maria has a mental illness or not, which of the following should first be evaluated? a. How old is Maria? b. Is Maria's belief consistent with the beliefs of her culture? c. Do people in general consider Maria's belief to be abnormal? d. Does her belief match any of the symptoms in the disorders in the DSM? - Correct Answers: b. Is Maria's belief consistent with the beliefs of her culture? Why is it important to know how many people have diagnosable mental illnesses? a. Such information is needed to plan for the provision of adequate services. b. The number of people with mental illness and the level of crime are highly correlated. c. If the incidence of mental illness is rising, there needs to be a corresponding increase in the level of funding for medical research. d. Pharmaceutical companies need such information to ensure the appropriate level of drug production. - Correct Answers: a. Such information is needed to plan for the provision of adequate services. ___________ refers to the estimated proportion of actual, active cases of a disorder in a given population at a given point of time. a. Point prevalence b. Absolute prevalence c. 1-year prevalence d. Lifetime prevalence - Correct Answers: a. Point prevalence What is epidemiology? a. The exploration of what forms of treatment are most effective b. A form of psychotherapy c. The study of the role of genes in mental illness d. The study of the distribution of a disorder in a population - Correct Answers: d. The study of the distribution of a disorder in a population Mental health epidemiology is a. the study of epidemics in mental disorders among the general population. b. the study of organic brain diseases among different ethnic populations of a defined geographic region. c. the study of the distribution of mental disorders in a given population. d. a sociological study of psychological disorders. - Correct Answers: c. the study of the distribution of mental disorders in a given population. What does it mean if a disorder is said to be highly prevalent? a. It is common. b. It is not curable. c. It is treatable. d. It is contagious - Correct Answers: a. It is common. What type of prevalence estimate tends to be lowest? a. Point prevalence b. 1-year prevalence c. Lifetime prevalence d. Virtual prevalence - Correct Answers: a. Point prevalence ________ rates may be reported in terms of the lifetime risk of contracting a particular disorder. a. Prevalence b. Point prevalence c. Point incidence d. Incidence - Correct Answers: a. Prevalence Which of the following is an example of point prevalence? a. Forty people had panic attacks in the last year. b. Seventy people in one graduating class were diagnosed with anorexia at some time during the past four years. c. 1% of the population is currently experiencing depressive symptoms. d. 15% of women will suffer from an anxiety disorder before the age of 30. - Correct Answers: c. 1% of the population is currently experiencing depressive symptoms. What type of prevalence data only counts active cases of a disorder? a. Point prevalence b. 1-year prevalence c. Lifetime prevalence d. All prevalence data count both those who have the disorder and those who have recovered. - Correct Answers: a. Point prevalence The mayor of a city wants to know the number of new cases of a disorder over the past year. The mayor should ask an epidemiologist for the ________ of the disorder. a. prevalence rate b. incidence rate c. point prevalence d. acute occurrence - Correct Answers: b. incidence rate What type of prevalence estimate tends to be highest? a. Point prevalence b. 1-year prevalence c. Lifetime prevalence d. Virtual prevalence - Correct Answers: c. Lifetime prevalence What term refers to the number of new cases of a disorder that occur over a given time period? a. Point prevalence b. 1-year prevalence c. Incidence d. Valence - Correct Answers: Incidence Why is it believed that the NCS-R survey used to estimate the prevalence of mental illness underestimated that prevalence? a. Most problems are acute. b. Few people report symptoms of mental illness when completing surveys. c. The incidence of comorbidity is too high. d. Measures of several types of disorders were not included. - Correct Answers: d. Measures of several types of disorders were not included. What is the most prevalent psychological disorder among adults in the United States? a. Anxiety disorders b. Mood disorders c. Substance abuse disorders d. Dissociative disorders - Correct Answers: a. Anxiety disorders What is important to remember about the apparent high lifetime rate of mental disorders? a. Many people were probably misdiagnosed. b. So many people have disorders that this has become a major health issue. c. Many people with disorders are not seriously affected by them or may have them for only a short time. d. A large majority of people with disorders seek treatment, so the problem is not as bad as it seems. - Correct Answers: c. Many people with disorders are not seriously affected by them or may have them for only a short time. What can be said about individuals who have a history of at least one serious psychological disorder? a. Most are effectively treated and never experience mental illness again. b. Over 50 percent have two or more other disorders. c. Few have a comorbid disorder. d. Individuals who have sought treatment for one illness are unlikely to ever experience another. - Correct Answers: b. Over 50 percent have two or more other disorders. What individual mental disorder in the United States has the highest 1-Year Prevalence rate? a. Major Depressive disorder b. Alcohol Abuse c. Specific Phobia d. Social Phobia - Correct Answers: c. Specific Phobia What individual mental disorder in the United States has the highest Lifetime Prevalence rate? a. Major Depressive disorder b. Alcohol Abuse c. Specific Phobia d. Social Phobia - Correct Answers: a. Major Depressive disorder Comorbidity means ________ a. that a disorder is often fatal. b. that a person has two or more disorders. c. that a person has a more severe form of a disorder. d. that a person is unlikely to recover from the disorder. - Correct Answers: b. that a person has two or more disorders. A major finding from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) was that ________ a. those people who have three or more comorbid disorders have one or more mild and transitory disorders. b. over half of the people with a history of one serious disorder had two or more comorbid disorders. c. people who have one mental disorder are unlikely to have a second comorbid disorder. d. as people grow older they are more likely to have multiple severe disorders. - Correct Answers: b. over half of the people with a history of one serious disorder had two or more comorbid disorders. Most mental health treatment ________ a. occurs in an outpatient setting. b. requires an overnight stay. c. does not involve professionals. d. occurs in psychiatric hospitals. - Correct Answers: a. occurs in an outpatient setting. Which of the following factors has a significant effect on the rates of severe mental illness among Americans? a. Family size b. Gender c. Geographical region of the country d. Political affiliation - Correct Answers: b. Gender Which of the following groups of Americans has the highest rates of severe mental illness? a. American Indian b. Hispanic c. Black d. Asian - Correct Answers: a. American Indian Most people with psychological disorders ________ a. seek treatment as soon as they realize there is a problem. b. recover only if they seek treatment. c. delay seeking treatment, sometimes for many years. d. exaggerate their symptoms so it takes longer for them to recover. - Correct Answers: c. delay seeking treatment, sometimes for many years. The trend toward deinstitutionalization in recent years means that ________ a. inpatient hospitalization in public institutions has increased. b. people with psychological problems more often receive inpatient treatment than outpatient treatment. c. people are hospitalized more briefly and then treated on an outpatient basis. d. the number of community services has skyrocketed. - Correct Answers: c. people are hospitalized more briefly and then treated on an outpatient basis. Which of the following might work with mental health clients to help resolve family problems? a. Clinical psychologist b. Psychiatric nurse c. Clinical social worker d. Psychiatrist - Correct Answers: c. Clinical social worker Which of the following mental health professionals prescribes medications and monitors the patient for side effects? a. Clinical psychologist b. Psychiatrist c. Counseling psychologist d. Occupational therapist - Correct Answers: b. Psychiatrist A clinical social worker would provide a patient with help in which of the following areas? a. Family therapy b. Occupational therapy c. Prescriptions d. Clinical research - Correct Answers: a. Family therapy Which of the following conditions accounts for the biggest percentage of the global burden of disease? a. Tuberculosis b. HIV/AIDS c. Drug use disorders d. Depressive disorders - Correct Answers: d. Depressive disorders An important first step in studying a particular disorder is ________ a. selecting the best case study for analysis. b. determining the criteria for identifying people who have the disorder. c. deciding upon the appropriate statistical analyses to use on the data to be collected. d. selecting the appropriate subjects for study. - Correct Answers: b. determining the criteria for identifying people who have the disorder. Upon deciding to study individuals with a given disorder, what is the next step that should be taken? a. Select criteria for identifying individuals with the disorder. b. Determine what treatment approach will be tested. c. Establish which subjects will be the control group and which will be in the experimental group. d. Gather survey data to determine where your subjects are most likely to reside. - Correct Answers: a. Select criteria for identifying individuals with the disorder. Describing a disorder as acute means that ________ a. it causes very severe distress and impairment. b. it causes very mild distress and impairment. c. it is a very long-lasting disorder. d. it is a disorder that is short in duration. - Correct Answers: d. it is a disorder that is short in duration. Why is it important to have some understanding of what causes a psychological disorder? a. A disorder cannot be identified unless there is an understanding of where it came from. b. All recognized disorders have known causes. c. Biological treatments only work when a disorder has a biological cause. d. The selection of a treatment approach is largely determined by assumptions about causality. - Correct Answers: d. The selection of a treatment approach is largely determined by assumptions about causality. What does the term etiology mean relative to psychological disorders? a. It concerns how culture fits in with psychological disorders. b. It concerns how family fits in with psychological disorders. c. It concerns the causes of psychological disorders. d. It concerns the treatments for psychological disorders. - Correct Answers: c. It concerns the causes of psychological disorders. One strength of case studies is ________ a. they can help prove causal relationships between variables. b. they can generate new ideas to explore. c. they do not involve bias. d. they are usually highly accurate. - Correct Answers: b. they can generate new ideas to explore. Why is it dangerous to make conclusions based on case studies? a. Case studies can provide little information about a disorder. b. Few patients are willing to be used as case studies. c. It is unethical. d. Conclusions based on so little data are likely to be flawed. - Correct Answers: d. Conclusions based on so little data are likely to be flawed. Which of the following typically involves having a patient or research participant fill out questionnaires? a. Case study method b. Direct observation c. Self-report data collection d. Psychophysiological data collection - Correct Answers: c. Self-report data collection Which of the following typically involves the use of trained observers? a. Case study method b. Direct observation c. Self-report data collection d. Psychophysiological data collection - Correct Answers: b. Direct observation A psychologist reports a single case of a disorder, detailing the person's feelings and responses. This research strategy is a. very strong and widely used in abnormal psychology. b. rarely used in abnormal psychology because few people are willing to examine their own lives closely. c. weak because it rarely provides information we can generalize to others with the disorder. d. weak because it confuses correlational data with experimental data. - Correct Answers: c. weak because it rarely provides information we can generalize to others with the disorder. Carl is asked to provide information about his drinking. Despite the fact that he has had several arrests for driving while intoxicated, Carl reports that he has no problems with drinking. This is an example of a. the problems with self-report data. b. the problems with case studies. c. the problems of diagnosis. d. the problems of forming hypotheses - Correct Answers: a. the problems with self-report data. ________ are more or less plausible ideas used to explain something (e.g., a behavior) and can be tested using research methods. a. Observations b. Hypotheses c. Variables d. Correlations - Correct Answers: b. Hypotheses Ideally, a sample should be what? a. Random b. Representative c. Generalizable d. Demographically pure - Correct Answers: b. Representative Why is a representative sample desirable? a. Such samples are random. b. Hypotheses can only be tested on representative samples. c. Only representative samples yield meaningful results. d. The more representative a sample is, the more generalizable the data. - Correct Answers: d. The more representative a sample is, the more generalizable the data. Dr. Katz is researching the causes of all phobias. He puts an ad in a newspaper asking for only people who have an intense, distressing fear of snakes to come and participate in his study. The major problem with this is a. the people who come may not have a phobia. b. his sample will be too small. c. he is not getting a representative sample. d. he doesn't know if people are telling the truth about their fears or not. - Correct Answers: c. he is not getting a representative sample. Why would a researcher want to ensure that every person in the larger group of study has an equal chance of being included in the sample? a. It helps eliminate a correlational relationship. b. It increases the chances of finding a causal relationship. c. It provides important epidemiological information such as the prevalence and incidence of the disorder. d. It increases the researcher's ability to generalize findings to the larger group. - Correct Answers: d. It increases the researcher's ability to generalize findings to the larger group. A researcher interested in the health problems of people with schizophrenia interviews only those people diagnosed with the disorder who are in an inpatient facility. The most glaring weakness in this study is ________ a. the absence of correlational statistics. b. the failure to use DSM-5 criteria for health problems. c. having an inappropriate control group. d. nonrepresentative sampling. - Correct Answers: d. nonrepresentative sampling. In Dr. Lu's study of eating disorders, she looked at the academic histories of girls with an eating disorder and girls who did not have such problems. In this example, the girls with eating disorders are the ________ group. a. comparison b. control c. criterion d. treatment - Correct Answers: c. criterion In Dr. Lu's study of eating disorders, she looked at the academic histories of girls with an eating disorder and girls who did not have such problems. In this example, the girls without eating disorders are the ________ group. a. conforming b. control c. criterion d. treatment - Correct Answers: b. control What is MTurk? a. An online labor market that connects requesters with workers. b. A method to make a correlational study more powerful. c. The relationship between internal and external validity. d. One method to create a valid sample from any population. - Correct Answers: a. An online labor market that connects requesters with workers. What is external validity? a. The extent to which research findings are consistent with hypotheses. b. The extent to which the sample equals the population. c. The extent to which research findings can be generalized beyond the study. d. A measure of how powerful the statistics being used are within a study. - Correct Answers: c. The extent to which research findings can be generalized beyond the study. To determine whether certain characteristics are true of people in general, and not just of people with mental disorders, it is important to use a. an experimental design. b. a representative sample of individuals with the disorder. c. a control group. d. a criterion group. - Correct Answers: c. a control group. What is a good control group for a research study on people with eating disorders? a. People who have an eating disorder and a wide range of educational backgrounds. b. A group that is comparable to those with eating disorders except that they eat normally. c. A group that is drawn from the sample of people with eating disorders. d. People who used to have eating disorders but say they no longer do. - Correct Answers: b. A group that is comparable to those with eating disorders except that they eat normally. In what significant ways do correlational research designs differ from experimental research designs? a. Correlational research does not require the selection of a sample to study. b. Correlational research does not generate hypotheses. c. There is no comparison group in correlational research. d. There is no manipulation of variables in correlational research - Correct Answers: d. There is no manipulation of variables in correlational research. Why are correlational research designs often used in abnormal psychology? a. They are best at determining cause and effect. b. They are the most useful for comparing groups. c. They give in-depth descriptions of the disorder being studied. d. It is often unethical or impossible to directly manipulate the variables involved in abnormal psychology - Correct Answers: d. It is often unethical or impossible to directly manipulate the variables involved in abnormal psychology What is the most important limitation of correlational studies? a. They cannot determine cause and effect. b. They are very subject to bias. c. They rarely have representative samples. d. They are very difficult to do - Correct Answers: a. They cannot determine cause and effect. Researchers have observed that women who wear bras for more than 16 hours a day are more likely to develop breast cancer than those who spend less time in a bra. In other words, there is a correlation between wearing a bra and breast cancer. Based on this finding, which of the following statements is true? a. Wearing a bra causes cancer. b. All women should avoid wearing a bra for more than 16 hours a day. c. There is no relationship between wearing a bra and breast cancer; these data are clearly flawed. d. Some additional variable may serve to explain the relationship observed between wearing a bra and developing cancer. - Correct Answers: d. Some additional variable may serve to explain the relationship observed between wearing a bra and developing cancer. Which of the following may be safely inferred when a significant negative correlation is found between variables x and y? a. x causes y b. y causes x c. as x increases, y increases d. as x increases, y decreases - Correct Answers: d. as x increases, y decreases Dr. Gordon finds that heroin-addicted adults almost always smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol when they were young adolescents. Knowing this strong association we can conclude that ________ a. cigarette smoking causes drinking, which causes heroin addiction. b. if cigarette smoking and drinking could be stopped in adolescence, heroin addiction would be stopped too. c. heroin addiction is caused by the same factors that cause early smoking and drinking. d. there is an association among the variables, but no causal inferences should be drawn. - Correct Answers: d. there is an association among the variables, but no causal inferences should be drawn. Individuals who have alcohol problems tend to come from families with other individuals who have alcohol problems. This would suggest that ________ a. genetic factors cause an individual to have alcohol problems. b. environmental factors cause an individual to have alcohol problems. c. both genetic and environmental factors cause an individual to have problems. d. although there is an association, no cause-effect relationship can be concluded. - Correct Answers: d. although there is an association, no cause-effect relationship can be concluded. Dr. Francis has discovered that the more spaghetti people eat, the less likely they are to be diagnosed with depression. Based on this finding, what statement can be made about the relationship between spaghetti and depression? a. There is a positive correlation between spaghetti eating and depression. b. There is a negative correlation between spaghetti eating and depression. c. Spaghetti prevents depression. d. There is no relationship between spaghetti eating and depression. - Correct Answers: b. There is a negative correlation between spaghetti eating and depression. It has been demonstrated that those who were prenatally exposed to the influenza virus are more likely to develop schizophrenia. In other words, prenatal exposure to the influenza virus is ________correlated with developing schizophrenia. a. not b. randomly c. negatively d. positively - Correct Answers: d. positively A significant positive correlation is found between variables x and y. Which of the following may be safely inferred? a. x causes y b. y causes x c. as x increases, y increases d. as x increases, y decreases - Correct Answers: c. as x increases, y increases What does the notation p< .05 next to a correlation mean? a. The probability that a correlation would occur purely by chance is less than 95 out of 100 b. The probability that a correlation would occur purely by chance is less than 5 out of 100 c. The probability that a positive correlation will be found purely by chance d. The probability that a negative correlation will be found purely by chance - Correct Answers: b. The probability that a correlation would occur purely by chance is less than 5 out of 100 Which of the following terms is defined as the size of the association between two variables independent of the sample size? a. Statistical significance b. Clinical significance c. Effect size d. Association size - Correct Answers: c. Effect size What is the term for the statistical approach that calculates and then combines the effect sizes from multiple studies? a. Meta-analysis b. Effect analysis c. Multiple-effect analysis d. Correlational analysis - Correct Answers: a. Meta-analysis Which research approach requires subjects to recall the past? a. Reconstructive b. Repressed c. Retroactive d. Retrospective - Correct Answers: d. Retrospective A researcher says, "These studies make it too easy for investigators to find the background factors they expect to find. However, they would be more valid if we found documents like school reports that show the background factor before the disorder emerges." What kind of research strategy is the researcher referring to? a. Prospective strategies b. N=1 strategies c. Retrospective strategies d. Analogue studies - Correct Answers: c. Retrospective strategies What type of research design begins with the identification of individuals who are likely to develop a particular disorder? a. Correlational b. Experimental c. Prospective d. Retrospective - Correct Answers: c. Prospective In most prospective studies, ________ a. large samples of individuals are interviewed to see if there are any risk factors that differentiate those with the disorder of interest. b. children who share a risk factor for a disorder are studied before signs of the disorder show up. c. analogue research is used because of the ethical problems with other experimental research. d. a representative sample of a general population of adults is used. - Correct Answers: b. children who share a risk factor for a disorder are studied before signs of the disorder show up. A researcher who provides a certain treatment for one group and withholds treatment from a completely comparable group is using the ________ research method. a. correlational b. epidemiological c. case study d. experimental - Correct Answers: d. experimental A researcher who studies children who are home-schooled and compares them to children who attend school is using the ________ research method. a. correlational b. epidemiological c. case study d. experimental - Correct Answers: a. correlational Which variable is manipulated in an experiment? a. Comparison b. Criterion c. Dependent d. Independent - Correct Answers: d. Independent In a study of the effects of ice cream on mood, the ice cream can be described as what? a. The dependent variable b. The independent variable c. A correlational variable d. A confounding variable - Correct Answers: b. The independent variable In a study of the effects of ice cream on mood, the mood after ice cream exposure can be described as what? a. The dependent variable b. The independent variable c. A correlational variable d. A confounding variable - Correct Answers: a. The dependent variable Which of the following is an example of an ABAB design? a. Half of the subjects receive one treatment and the other half are not treated. b. All subjects received one of two treatments. c. A subject is observed and treated. d. A subject is observed both before and after two exposures to the treatment. - Correct Answers: d. A subject is observed both before and after two exposures to the treatment. Fred refuses to speak at school, although he speaks normally at home. His therapist plans out a treatment where Fred is given a gold star every time he answers his teacher, and he can then trade in his stars for prizes. Fred begins speaking in class. The therapist then tells the teacher to stop the program for a couple of weeks. Fred stops talking during that time. The teacher then starts giving Fred stars again, and Fred again begins to talk. This is an example of ________ a. a case study. b. a correlational study. c. an ABAB experimental design study. d. a self-report study. - Correct Answers: c. an ABAB experimental design study. What is the value of using an ABAB design? a. It permits the study of the effects of multiple forms of treatment on a single subject. b. Subjects can be selected randomly. c. The effects of a single form of treatment are studied twice in the same subject. d. Generalizability is ensured - Correct Answers: c. The effects of a single form of treatment are studied twice in the same subject. A psychologist wishes to test the hypothesis that the experience of chronic physical pain can cause clinical depression, but the Ethics Committee of his university will not allow him to conduct a study in which he inflicts pain on the subjects. What kind of research design might best allow the psychologist to test this hypothesis while circumventing the committee's objection? a. Experimental b. Prospective c. Analogue d. Longitudinal - Correct Answers: c. Analogue Which of the following is an example of an analogue study? a. Families with a history of schizophrenia are compared to families with no family history of mental illness. b. Rats prenatally exposed to alcohol are studied to further our understanding of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. c. Blood is taken from a group of individuals with panic disorder both before and after viewing a disturbing film. d. Survey data is examined to determine the prevalence of mental illness. - Correct Answers: b. Rats prenatally exposed to alcohol are studied to further our understanding of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Dr. Brown wants to study social phobia. She induces temporary anxiety by having normal subjects believe they will be negatively evaluated by another person. This is an example of a. a path analysis. b. an analogue study. c. an experimental epidemiological study. d. a correlational study. - Correct Answers: b. an analogue study. What did Seligman find by studying dogs exposed to uncontrollable shock? a. Seligman demonstrated that dogs can get depressed. b. Seligman found that the dogs became aggressive. c. Seligman found that uncontrollable shock led the dogs to behave much like depressed humans. d. Seligman found that the exposure to the shock altered the level of brain chemicals known to be involved in depression. - Correct Answers: c. Seligman found that uncontrollable shock led the dogs to behave much like depressed humans. A major scientific problem with analogue studies is ________ a. the difficulty of disentangling intercorrelated factors. b. the difficulty of manipulating variables in a laboratory. c. the inability to draw causal inferences from such studies. d. the difficulty of generalizing to the naturally occurring phenomenon. - Correct Answers: d. the difficulty of generalizing to the naturally occurring phenomenon. Random assignment means ________ a. most research participants have a chance at being placed within the no-treatment condition. b. most research participants have a chance at being placed within the treatment condition. c. every research participant has a chance of being placed within the treatment or no-treatment condition. d. every research participant has a chance of being placed within the treatment condition. - Correct Answers: c. every research participant has a chance of being placed within the treatment or no-treatment condition. _______________are automatic beliefs concerning other people based on . - Correct Answers: Stereotypes The number of people who have suffered from a particular disorder at any time in their lives is __________. - Correct Answers: lifetime prevalence When mental disorders are short in duration, they are known as acute. When they are long in duration, they are __________. - Correct Answers: chronic If the score on one variable is high and the score on another variable is low, this is known as a __________ correlation - Correct Answers: negative ______________are used to study questions that would not be possible to study with human subjects. - Correct Answers: Analogue studies Why is it difficult to agree on a definition of abnormal behavior? - Correct Answers: There are no sufficient or necessary conditions. Also, what is abnormal at one point in time may no longer be considered abnormal at another time. What are the benefits of classifying mental disorders? - Correct Answers: Most sciences rely on classification to provide nomenclature, to structure information, and facilitate research. Discuss one disadvantage of developing a classification system for mental disorders. - Correct Answers: 1. There is a loss of information when a classification scheme is applied to behavior, as will happen when any single word is used to convey something as complex as a mental disorder. 2. In addition, there may be some stigma attached to receiving a psychiatric diagnosis. 3. Stereotyping may occur, leading to incorrect assumptions about and expectations of an individual who has received a psychiatric diagnosis. Explain what a culture-specific disorder is and provide an example of one. - Correct Answers: A culture-specific disorder is a disorder that occurs most commonly in or exclusively in a specific culture. While many disorders may present themselves differently in different cultures, these are disorders that are unique to a particular culture. Koro, a disorder seen most commonly in young Asian males, is one example. This anxiety disorder is characterized by an extreme fear that a body part is shrinking. What is mental health epidemiology? How is it studied? - Correct Answers: Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of a health-related problem within a population. Mental health epidemiology is the distribution and frequency of mental disorders. A key element in studying this is the frequency of mental disorder, which includes prevalence rates. Discuss the difference between prevalence and incidence. - Correct Answers: Prevalence is the number of active cases of a disorder in a given population during a given period of time. Incidence is the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time. What is comorbidity? - Correct Answers: The presence of two of more disorders in the same person. This is common in serious mental disorders, rarer for mild disorders. Briefly discuss why research in abnormal psychology is important. - Correct Answers: Through the use of research, the characteristics of disorders can be studied and our understanding of the etiology of disorders is furthered. In addition, research must be used to determine the effectiveness of treatment. What is a case study and what are its benefits and drawbacks? - Correct Answers: An in-depth, detailed account of a single case. They are good sources of research ideas and hypotheses. However, information from them does not generalize. They are uncontrolled and often impressionistic, so any conclusions drawn may be incorrect. Discuss the limitations of self-report data. - Correct Answers: Can be misleading, sometimes deliberately lie, misinterpret questions or try to present themselves more favorably or less favorably than is true. What is sampling and why is it important? - Correct Answers: Sampling is the procedure used to select subjects to study. As it is not possible to study all of the population of interest, a subset of the population is selected. The sample studied needs to resemble the larger population on all relevant variables so that findings made when studying the sample can be generalized to the population. In other words, results obtained with a sample should provide accurate information about the larger population. What is an analogue study? - Correct Answers: A study of an approximation of the real thing in which the researcher is interested. Often done if studying the real thing is difficult or it would be unethical to manipulate the variables of interest. What is ABAB design? - Correct Answers: An ABAB research design, also called a withdrawal or reversal design, is used to determine if an intervention is effective in changing the behavior of a participant. The design has four phases denoted by A1, B1, A2, and B2. In each phase, repeated measurements of the participant's behavior are obtained. Consider the criterion of subjective distress in the determination of a mental disorder. Which statement best describes its usefulness in deciding whether a given situation is "abnormal?" a. Subjective distress is not a sufficient or necessary condition for us to consider something as abnormal. b. Subjective distress is necessary but not a sufficient condition for us to consider something as abnormal. c. Subjective distress is not necessary but is a sufficient condition for us to consider something as abnormal. d. In order to consider something as abnormal, its subjective distress is both necessary and sufficient. - Correct Answers: a. Subjective distress is not a sufficient or necessary condition for us to consider something as abnormal. The vast majority of people have not climbed to the peak of Mount Everest. Those who have represent a very small portion of the total population, but they would not be labeled as abnormal for having done so. This demonstrates the pitfall of using ________ as a lone criterion of abnormality. a. statistical deviancy b. subjective distress c. maladaptiveness d. dangerousness - Correct Answers: a. statistical deviancy Which symptom represents the irrationality and unpredictability criterion of abnormality? a. A person who begins to speak in rhymes instead of using coherent sentences. b. A person who rides a roller coaster with their hands over their head, screaming in delight throughout the ride. c. A person who adheres to a religion that is not regarded as being mainstream in her cultural surroundings. d. A person who is able to hold their breath under water for 3 full minutes. - Correct Answers: a. A person who begins to speak in rhymes instead of using coherent sentences. The current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ________, was published in 2013. a. DSM-5 b. DSM-IV-TR c. DSM-III-R d. DSM-7.1 - Correct Answers: a. DSM-5 What is meant by the statement that the development of the most recent version of the DSM was based on some contradictory themes? a. The process sought to maintain continuity with the previous edition while also placing no limits on the changes that were needed. b. The new DSM significantly reduced the number of identified mental disorders in an era where mental illness appears to be increasing. c. The most recent DSM has separated diagnoses into those that are deemed "treatable" and those that are called "untreatable." d. Diagnostic categories that have been validated by years of research were removed from the latest DSM because insurance companies refused to pay for the treatment of these conditions. - Correct Answers: a. The process sought to maintain continuity with the previous edition while also placing no limits on the changes that were needed. At its most fundamental level, the classification of mental disorders gives us a _________, which provide(s) clinicians with a common language and shorthand terms for complex clinical situations. a. nomenclature b. stigma c. stereotype d. set of assessment tools - Correct Answers: a. nomenclature Marlon has been diagnosed with a learning disability, and every other day leaves his 4th grade class to work with a specialist to enhance his understanding of mathematics. He is worried that his classmates will find out about his diagnosis and that they will tease him for it. Marlon is most worried about the ________ associated with the classification of a psychological problem. a. stigma b. nomenclature c. validity d. reliability - Correct Answers: a. stigma Automatic beliefs concerning other people that we learn as we grow up in a given culture are called ________. a. stereotypes b. prejudices c. nomenclatures d. discriminations - Correct Answers: a. stereotypes Goodwin (2014) analyzed 55 horror movies made between 2000 and 2012, and found that murderers are most often people who are depicted as suffering from ________. a. psychosis b. depression c. a personality disorder d. bipolar disorder - Correct Answers: a. psychosis Which of the following would be the best use of language to describe a person who has been diagnosed with a psychiatric condition? a. A 23-year old person with schizophrenia b. A 40-year old manic-depressive c. A 15-year old anorexic d. A 65-year old insomniac - Correct Answers: a. A 23-year old person with schizophrenia Which of the following examples best demonstrates how cultural variations impact the way in which one views and defines a mental disorder? a. People from Christian countries often believe that the number 13 is unlucky, while Japanese people are more likely to avoid the number 4. b. A person who grew up in Texas may use regional dialects that are different from someone who grew up in New England. c. People in Mexico may take an hour or two off in the middle of the day, a custom known as siesta. d. There are no cultures in the world where homosexuality is regarded as the expected, primary sexual orientation. - Correct Answers: a. People from Christian countries often believe that the number 13 is unlucky, while Japanese people are more likely to avoid the number 4. A person who goes to a therapist and describes themselves as being depressed would most likely be from which culture? a. European American b. Native American c. Native Alaskan d. Southeast Asian - Correct Answers: a. European American José's father, Bastian, immigrated to America from the Caribbean ten years ago. Two months ago, Bastian's wife died after a lengthy battle with cancer. Bastian has recently been displaying crying fits, seizure-like episodes and, at times, aggressive behaviors. Medical professionals have been unable to identify a physical cause for Bastian's stress. Caribbean family members suspect that Bastian is suffering from __________. a. ataque de nervios b. jinjinia bemar c. windigo d. mal de ojo - Correct Answers: a. ataque de nervios The term ________ refers to the number of active cases of a given condition or disorder that occurs during a given period of time. a. prevalence b. incidence c. epidemic d. standard - Correct Answers: a. prevalence Why is there no comprehensive lifetime prevalence data regarding diagnosis of disorders as spelled out in the DSM-5? a. The manual has not been in use long enough to gather those data. b. The American Psychiatric Association has not allowed the data to be released to the public. c. Insurance companies are unwilling to let the general public be informed about overall prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders. d. It is unethical to collect data on such prevalence rates according to a single diagnostic system. - Correct Answers: a. The manual has not been in use long enough to gather those data. According to the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), which person would be most likely to suffer from more than one diagnosable psychiatric condition? a. Annabelle, who has been diagnosed with severe panic disorder and depression. b. Brian, who has been diagnosed with moderate obsessive-compulsive disorder. c. Charlene, who has been diagnosed with mild bipolar and generalized anxiety disorder. d. Dominic, whose therapist has yet to make a definitive diagnosis to describe his symptoms - Correct Answers: a. Annabelle, who has been diagnosed with severe panic disorder and depression. While a(n) ________ condition is somewhat short in duration, a(n) ________ condition lasts for a longer period of time. a. acute; chronic b. distal; proximal c. primary; secondary d. explicit; implicit - Correct Answers: a. acute; chronic What is a main reason why our understanding of mental disorders has grown so much over time? a. The methodologies used to study these conditions is constantly expanding and improving. b. We no longer rely on nonexperimental techniques to study these illnesses. c. The ethical restrictions that used to prevent such research are no longer in place. d. Research journals have finally started publishing data related to the incidence and prevalence of psychiatric conditions. - Correct Answers: a. The methodologies used to study these conditions is constantly expanding and improving. Which of the following statements best reflects Kazdin's quote about research methodology? a. Research methodology consistently reflects prevailing cultural interests and values. b. Research methodology is an approach toward problem solving, thinking, and acquiring knowledge. c. Research methodology is simply a compilation of practices and procedures. d. Research methodology is often plagued with scientist bias and assumptions. - Correct Answers: a. Research methodology consistently reflects prevailing cultural interests and values. Why are case studies subject to the effects of bias? a. The writer of the case study selects what information to include and omit. b. They do not lend themselves to statistical analysis, which is needed to eliminate bias. c. They cannot use random assignment for the elimination of the effects of confounding variables. d. People responding to the questions of a case study may give answers that they think you want to hear rather than being truly honest. - Correct Answers: a. The writer of the case study selects what information to include and omit. One of the problems with case study research is the issue of ________, or the extent to which findings in that one study can be used to draw conclusions about other, similar cases. a. generalizability b. internal validity c. standardization d. statistical relevance - Correct Answers: a. generalizability Theresa, a developmental psychologist is studying nurturing play among preschool girls. She has been trained in observing certain nurturing behaviors in young girls. Theresa observes girls playing on their preschool playground and records the number of times the girls, hug, hold hands, and wave at each other. This type of observation is called ________. a. direct observation b. indirect observation c. guided observation d. natural observation - Correct Answers: a. direct observation What distinguishes scientific hypotheses from everyday vague speculation? a. Scientists attempt to test their hypotheses with appropriate methodologies. b. Hypotheses always become theories, while speculation usually leads to no further consideration. c. Hypotheses are generally correct, while speculation is generally inaccurate. d. Hypotheses are made based on theoretical data while speculation is a result of real live observations. - Correct Answers: a. Scientists attempt to test their hypotheses with appropriate methodologies. Dr. Ray has just conducted a study examining suicidal thoughts and behaviors among non-heterosexual teenagers. He is very confident that the results of his study are accurate. Dr. Ray would thus say that his study has high ________. a. internal validity b. external validity c. interrater reliability d. test-retest reliability - Correct Answers: a. internal validity What is the difference between a comparison group and a criterion group in abnormal psychology research? a. The comparison group consists of people who do not exhibit the disorder being studied, while people in the criterion group do. b. The criterion group consists of people who do not exhibit the disorder being studied, while people in the comparison group do. c. The comparison group is made up of those people who are observed before treatment for a disorder is given, while those in the criterion group are studied after the treatment has been given. d. The criterion group is made up of those people who are observed before treatment for a disorder is given, while those in the comparison group are studied after the treatment has been given. - Correct Answers: a. The comparison group consists of people who do not exhibit the disorder being studied, while people in the criterion group do. When someone says that the findings of a given study are statistically significant, what are you being told? a. The study's findings were rather unlikely to have occurred by chance. b. The data gathered were capable of being analyzed using known statistical methods. c. There was a strong association between the two research variables that was independent of the size of the sample. d. The movement of one variable is a direct predictor of the movement of a second variable. - Correct Answers: a. The study's findings were rather unlikely to have occurred by chance. Why is a meta-analysis a better way to summarize research findings than a standard literature review? a. The meta-analysis uses effect sizes from many different research studies. b. A meta-analysis has statistical significance, while a literature review does not. c. A meta-analysis is a form of experimental research, while a literature review is only correlational in design. d. A meta-analysis uses actual research participants while a literature review does not. - Correct Answers: a. The meta-analysis uses effect sizes from many different research studies. Courtney recently learned about a correlational study that revealed that 40 percent of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia are also left-handed. What can be assumed about schizophrenia and left-handedness on the basis of this information? a. A positive correlational relationship exists between being diagnosed with schizophrenia and being left-handed. b. Being left-handed may cause schizophrenia. c. A negative correlational relationship exists between being diagnosed with schizophrenia and being left-handed. d. Left-handed persons are more likely to have psychological problems. - Correct Answers: a. A positive correlational relationship exists between being diagnosed with schizophrenia and being left-handed. In experimental research, a phenomenon that is observed—the outcome variable of interest—is called the ________ variable. a. dependent b. independent c. extraneous d. confounding - Correct Answers: a. dependent Why does experimental research allow for conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships between variables? a. There is manipulation of one variable and then observation of how another variable is affected. b. This type of research allows for the elimination of a control group. c. It is the only type of research that gathers data capable of being analyzed statistically. d. It allows for the determination of a correlational coefficient that describes the relationship between two variables. - Correct Answers: a. There is manipulation of one variable and then observation of how another variable is affected. An experimenter wants to make sure that all of her participant groups are as similar as possible before the intervention being researched is applied. She takes her pool of participants and divides them into four different groups, making sure that each person has the same chance of being placed in any of those groups. What is the name for the procedure used to keep these groups approximately equivalent? a. Random assignment b. Random selection c. Snowball sampling d. Representative sampling - Correct Answers: a. Random assignment What is the central feature of a single-case research design that employs the experimental method? a. The same individual is studied over time, perhaps before and after a specific treatment has been applied. b. Records about a single individual are studied in-depth after that person's death to determine the nature of their psychological challenges. c. Two variables are measured as they applied to a single person, allowing for the calculation of an individual correlation coefficient. d. Two or more different experimental groups are designed, each with one participant. This helps eliminate external variables from influencing the research. - Correct Answers: a. The same individual is studied over time, perhaps before and after a specific treatment has been applied. A(n) ________ study uses an approximation of a given topic as the central focus of the research. This might involve using animals and then generalizing from their behaviors to those that may be seen in human beings. a. analogue b. comparative c. zoological d. quasi-experimental - Correct Answers: a. analogue Prior to 1974, homosexuality was included in the DSM and classified as a mental disorder. The removal of homosexuality from the DSM is an example of ________ a. how social or cultural shifts affect how we define abnormality. b. the impact of biological explanations on understanding human behavior. c. the recognition by the American Psychiatric Association that homosexual persons are not dangerous. d. the failure of psychological assessment to find consistent indicators of abnormality with homosexual populations. - Correct Answers: a. how social or cultural shifts affect how we define abnormality. During his abnormal psychology class exam, Peter began to pound the desk and make loud quacking noises. His classmates cast worried glances at the professor as Peter continued to quack and pound the desk. Which of the indicators of abnormality presented in your text best represents Peter's behaviors? a. Dangerousness b. Irrationality and unpredictability c. Statistical deviancy d. Subjective distress - Correct Answers: a. Dangerousness How has the effort to educate the public to the fact that mental illness is a neurological disorder impacted the amount of stigma associated with the diagnosis? a. Being more aware of the origins of mental illness does not reduce the stigma associated with mental illness. b. Awareness of the causes of mental illness has led to a reduction in the amount of stigma associated with mental illness. c. Most persons are skeptical of scientific findings and do not fully embrace the concept of neurologically based mental illnesses and therefore maintain their original beliefs about mental illness. d. Media-based mental illness stereotypes militate against any efforts at educating the public about biologically based mental illness. - Correct Answers: a. Being more aware of the origins of mental illness does not reduce the stigma associated with mental illness. Which groups are most likely not to seek out mental health treatment as the result of perceived stigma? a. Younger people, men, and ethnic minorities b. Older people and ethnic minorities c. Highly educated women and men d. Working, married persons - Correct Answers: a. Younger people, men, and ethnic minorities Some forms of psychopathology are culture-bound. For example, in Japan, an anxiety disorder called __________ involves a marked fear that one's body, body parts, or body functions may offend or embarrass others. a. taijin kyofusho b. koro c. dhat d. shenkui - Correct Answers: a. taijin kyofusho In epidemiological work, the number of new cases that occur over a given period of time is called _________. a. incidence. b. prevalence. c. ratio. d. estimate. - Correct Answers: a. incidence. Dr. Lopez wants to study the prevalence of schizophrenia with the population living in the south side of Chicago. He plans to count the number of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia that are living there on February 1. Individuals diagnosed before or after February 1 will not be included in the count. This method of evaluating the prevalence of persons diagnosed with schizophrenia in the south side population is called a(n) _________. a. point prevalence b. period prevalence c. 1-year