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buying process 2. pre-purchase -The consumer tries to determine how much pleasure or
pain will be derived from a product or service.
1. Assessing need (versus wants)
Consumers sense a discrepancy between current state and desired state.
needs and individual's relationships with their goods (assessing need- pre purchase step 2)
1. Self concept attachment
-Products establish user's identity
2. Nostalgic attachment
-Link to one's past
3. Interdependence
-Part of daily routine
4. Love
-Product elicits strong emotion
searching for information (pre purchase step 3) •Involves sorting behavior
,•Information either internally or externally is accessed
• Internal
•Go over in your mind
• External
•Looking at outside information
external information search •In the economic theory of choice, the assumption is that the
consumer has perfect information
•Information makes choice meaningful. Consumers cannot make a good decision unless they
have adequate information.
challenges to obtaining information A. # of products or varieties is overwhelming
B. Complexity of goods
C. Time costs are great
D. Consumers have high expectations
E. False sense of security
F. Some information is useless or inaccurate
,A. # Choice is overwhelming • Deregulation has brought with it more choices as well as
increased competition.
•It is a sign of a healthy economy to have a larger number of products & services, but this
diversity may create confusion for consumers.
EXAMPLES: telephone service, airline tickets
B. Complexity of goods •Assessment becomes difficult
•New technology is more complex therefore assessment is more complex and the information is
either more complex or not available
C. Time costs are significant •It takes time to find information
•That time has to come from somewhere.
•What are you going to give up doing so that you can gather information?
D. Consumer Expectations •Increased levels of education translate into consumers who
demand more information and accurate information.
E. False sense of security •Consumers rely that they are protected in the marketplace, and
do not practice Caveat Emptor -- or "let the buyer beware."
, F. Useless Information •Information that provides nothing useful to the consumer
Inaccurate information •Sometimes information that is given may be inaccurate.
•It then is up to the consumer to be wary and judge whether the information is correct.
Consumer Information should be: a. objective
b. valid
c. understandable
d. complete
e. up to date
Consumer Information should be: objective • non biased, source of info is not making a
profit
• Consumer Reports is a good source of objective
information
• Why? Consumer Reports does not accept advertisements