BIO252 EXAM 3 - CHAMBERLAIN Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+

BIO252 EXAM 3 - CHAMBERLAIN Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+ sensory vs. perception - Answer: for perception to happen, the sensory signal must reach the cerebrum adaptation - Answer: the ability to no longer perceive sensations due to prolonged exposure free nerve endings - Answer: pain, temperature changes, tickle, itch encapsulated nerve endings - Answer: touch, pressure, vibration special sensory cells - Answer: used to create special sensory reception exteroceptors - Answer: sensations from outside the body interoceptors - Answer: sensations from inside the body proprioreceptors - Answer: where your body is in space and time mechanoreceptors - Answer: stretch (touch, pressure, vibrations, stretch, proprioception) osmoreceptors - Answer: osmolarity thermoreceptors - Answer: temperature chemoreceptors - Answer: chemicals photoreceptors - Answer: light nociceptors - Answer: pain, fast (acute-sharp stabbing) referred pain - Answer: the pain is broadcast to spots on your skin just over the organs or even far from it Referred pain liver and gallbladder - Answer: right upper quadrant/ right shoulder referred pain of stomach - Answer: inferior to the xyphoid process and intermediate to the scapulae referred pain of the small intestines - Answer: umbilicus region referred pain of the kidneys - Answer: superior to umbilicus and wraps around body down to thigh referred pain of ureters - Answer: inguinal region, inferior aspect of the rectus abdominus referred pain of bladder - Answer: five areas superficial to sacral region lower portion of umbilicus region central in the inguinal region two bilateral glute muscles tactile receptors - Answer: touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle free nerve endings - tactile (itch, tickle), nontactile - temperature change, pain - Answer: root hair plexuses- sense movement on skin by movement of hair corpuscles for touch - Answer: meissner's corpuscle- light touch, low frequency vibration type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors - Answer: merkel cells- pressure Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors - Answer: Ruffini corpuscles- light and deep pressure (baroreceptors) lamellated corpuscles - Answer: pacinian corpuscle- vibration complex tactile sensations - Answer: combination of the previous nerve endings- gives surfaces textures visible light is based on what? - Answer: wavelength layers of the eye - Answer: fibrous layer, vascular layer, retina, anterior chamber, vitreous chamber fibrous tunic - Answer: sclera and cornea sclera - Answer: whites of the eye made of dense irregular connective tissue extrinsic eye muscles attach cornea - Answer: less strong but more transparent than the sclera allowing light to pass through vascular tunic - Answer: choroid, ciliary body, iris choroid - Answer: begins with the center of the optic nerve and extends to the choroid mostly made of connective tissue and blood vessels ciliary body - Answer: ciliary muscles, ciliary process, zonular fibers ciliary muscles - Answer: responsible for changing the shape of the lens ciliary process - Answer: secretes aqueous humor zonular fibers - Answer: connect the lens to the ciliary body retina - Answer: photoreceptors (rods and cones) bipolar cell layer ganglion cell layer horizontal cell layer amacrine cells anterior chamber (cavity) of the eye - Answer: aqueous humor vitreous chamber - Answer: vitreous body physiology of vision - Answer: 1. Light must be refracted (bent) precisely so it is focused on the fovea centralis and macula of the retina 2. Light is refracted first and most by the cornea, then the aqueous humor in the anterior cavity, then the lens, and then the vitrous humor in the posterior cavity 3. Changing the shape of the lens helps us accommodate for near, intermediate, and far vision. - The Accommodation Reflex. 4. Eye optics causes the image to be inverted on the retina 5. The cerebral cortex (brain) corrects this inversion so objects are seen in their correct orientation 6. Incorrect focusing on the retina results in poor vision. 7. Corrective lenses (glasses) fix incorrect focusing by bending the light and directing it toward the fovea. olfaction - Answer: olfactory chemoreceptors cells send the signal to olfactory nerve, olfactory bulb, olfactory tracts, limbic system, and temporal and frontal lobes gustatory receptor cells send the signal to - Answer: fascial nerve (CN VII)- anterior 2/3 of tongue, glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) posterior 1/3 of tongue and pharynx, and vagus nerve (CN X) epiglottis after the gustatory receptor cells send signals to the cranial nerves it will pass the signal to the - Answer: medulla oblongata, thalamus, and parietal lobe papillae - Answer: bumps on the tongue vallate papillae - Answer: 12 of them each containing 100-300 taste buds fungiform papillae - Answer: scattered all over the tongue and contain about 5 taste buds each foliate papillae - Answer: located in the lateral trenches of the tongue and degenerate in early childhood filiform papillae - Answer: cover the entire tongue surface, contain NO taste buds but rather function to increase friction to move food and contain tactile receptors taste sensations - Answer: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami sound travels from the - Answer: outer ear, down auditory canal, tympanic membrane (ear drum), to the middle ear, eustachian tube; ossicles oval window; round window, to the inner ear; bony labyrinth and cochlea , organ of corti the maculae of the utricle and saccule detect - Answer: linear acceleration or deceleration of the head cristae in semicircular canals detect - Answer: rotation otoliths present in semicircular canals help detect - Answer: head rotation vertigo - Answer: loss of sense of balance or "spinning" of the room causes of vertigo - Answer: stroke, encephalitis, and toxins or drugs like alcohol maculae degeneration - Answer: "Dark spots" in vision caused by a destruction of the macula lutea wet and dry wet macular degeneration - Answer: caused by poorly constructed capillaries dry maculae degeneration - Answer: destruction without leaky vessels general functions of the endocrine system - Answer: metabolism, growth, sleep, mood, tissue function, reproduction, stress, fluid dynamics primary endocrine structures - Answer: Structures whose roll is only in the production of hormones: Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, and Adrenal gland secondary endocrine structures - Answer: structures capable of producing hormones but that is not their only function: pancreas, thymus, skin, heart, stomach, liver, kidneys, hypothalamus, gonads, small intestine lipid soluble - Answer: bound to transport proteins; receptors inside cells steroid based, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide water soluble - Answer: circulate freely in blood amines, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and eicosanoids hormonal stimuli - Answer: other hormones either trigger the release or inhibit the release neural stimuli - Answer: neurons control the trigger or inhibition of the release humoral stimuli - Answer: chemicals control the trigger or inhibition of the release hypothalamus connects to the pituitary via - Answer: the stalk of the infundibulum hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by - Answer: blood vessels (adenohypophysis) hypophyseal portal system hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary via - Answer: nerves (neurohypohysis)