BIOS 252 Exam 3 and Comprehensive Review Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+

BIOS 252 Exam 3 and Comprehensive Review Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+ What are the types of chemical bonds? - Answer: Covalent Polar Covalent Ionic Hydrogen What is a covalent bond? - Answer: Formed when two atoms share one or more pair of electrons What is a nonpolar covalent bond? - Answer: A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between two atoms Example of nonpolar covalent bond - Answer: The bond between two hydrogen atoms in an H2 molecule What is a polar covalent bond? - Answer: Type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, creating partial positive and negative charges Example of a polar covalent bond - Answer: The bond between hydrogen and oxygen in a water (H2O) molecule. What is an ionic bond? - Answer: Formed when one atom transfers one or more electrons to another atom, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions. Example of an ionic bond - Answer: The bond between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) in sodium chloride (NaCl) What is a hydrogen bond? - Answer: A weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom, which is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom, and another electronegative atom Example of a hydrogen bond - Answer: The bond between water molecules (H2O) where the hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to the oxygen atom of another molecule. What is the cranial region? - Answer: Refers to the skull What is the cervical region? - Answer: Refers to the neck What is the thoracic region? - Answer: Refers to the chest What is the abdominal region? - Answer: Refers to the area between the chest and pelvis What is the pelvic region? - Answer: Refers to the area overlying the pelvis anteriorly What is the lumbar region? - Answer: Refers to the lower back What is the femoral region? - Answer: Refers to the thigh What is the brachial region? - Answer: Refers to the upper arm What is the carpal region? - Answer: Refers to the wrist What is the plantar region? - Answer: Refers to the sole of the foot What are the major organs of the integumentary system? - Answer: Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands What is the main function of the skeletal system? - Answer: Provides support, protects internal organs, facilitates movement, produces blood cells, stores minerals Name the major organs of the muscular system - Answer: Skeletal muscles, tendons What is the primary function of the nervous system? - Answer: Controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting electrical impulses, processes sensory information, regulates bodily functions. What glands are a part of the endocrine system? - Answer: Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads (testes and ovaries) What is the main function of the cardiovascular system? - Answer: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body What organs are part of the lymphatic system? - Answer: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils What is the primary function of the respiratory system? - Answer: Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out) Name the organs of the digestive system - Answer: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder. What is the main function of the urinary system? - Answer: Removes waste products from the blood, regulates water and electrolyte balance. What are the major organs of the male and female reproductive systems? - Answer: Male: Testes, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, vas deferens. Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands What is the plasma membrane? - Answer: The outer boundary of the cell that regulates what enters and exits the cell. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. What are the main components of the plasma membrane? - Answer: Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates What is the function of the nucleus? - Answer: Houses the cell's DNA and controls its activities by regulating gene expression What are ribosomes and their functions? - Answer: Molecular machines that synthesize proteins by translating mRNA What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? - Answer: Synthesizes proteins What is the function of smooth ER? - Answer: Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification What is the Golgi Apparatus? - Answer: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage and transport out of the cell What are lysosomes? - Answer: Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris What is the function of the mitochondria? - Answer: The powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP throughout cellular respiration What are the four main types of tissues? - Answer: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue What is the function of the epithelial tissue? - Answer: Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands What is connective tissue? - Answer: Supports, protects, and binds other tissues together. Example of connective tissue - Answer: Bone, blood, and adipose tissue What is the function of muscle tissue? - Answer: Responsible for movement. What are the three types of muscle tissue? - Answer: Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle What is nervous tissue? - Answer: Involved in receiving, processing, and transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body. What is sensation? - Answer: The process by which sensory receptors and the nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from the environment What is perception? - Answer: The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information, transforming it into meaningful objects and events How do sensation and perception differ? - Answer: Sensation involves detecting stimuli, while perception involves interpreting and making sense of those stimuli What is sensory adaption? - Answer: The diminished sensitivity to a stimulus as a consequence of constant exposure to that stimulus Why is sensory adaptation important? - Answer: It allows us to focus on changes in the environment that may signal important events, rather than being overwhelmed by constant, unchanging stimuli What are the main types of sensory receptors? - Answer: Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, photoreceptors, and chemoreceptors. What to mechanoreceptors detect? - Answer: Detect mechanical forces such as pressure, touch, vibration, and stretch What do thermoreceptors detect? - Answer: Detect changes in temperature What do nociceptors detect? - Answer: Detect pain or harmful stimuli What do photoreceptors detect? - Answer: Detect light and are involved in vision What do chemoreceptors detect? - Answer: Detect chemical stimuli, such as odors and tastes What is anatomy? - Answer: The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another What is physiology - Answer: The study of the function of the body's structural machinery What is homeostasis? - Answer: The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions What is the anatomical position? - Answer: A standard position in which the body is standing upright, feet together, arms at the side, and the head and palms facing forward