Relations and Networks of Organizations
Aantekeningen
Blok 4, 2023-2024
,Inhoudsopgave
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 5
Social capital: Why does it matter? ............................................................................................................... 5
IORs and IONs: a relational view of organizations ........................................................................................ 6
Social capital and success: Multi-level effect ................................................................................................. 6
Social capital and the individual’s quality of life ............................................................................................ 6
Social capital in the economy ........................................................................................................................ 6
LECTURE 2: DEFINITIONS, TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONS AND
NETWORKS OF ORGANIZATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 8
ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT: A MANAGERS PERSPECTIVE ...................................................................................... 9
SOCIAL NETWORKS: A RESEARCHER’S PERSPECTIVE ...................................................................................................... 11
The interorganizational problem ................................................................................................................. 11
WHY ARE IOR’S AND ION’S COMMON? .................................................................................................................... 12
IOR OFFER A WAY OF REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY .................................................................................... 12
RESOURCE DEPENDENCE THEORY .............................................................................................................................. 13
ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND NETWORKS ......................................................................................................... 13
STUDYING SOCIAL NETWORKS .................................................................................................................................. 14
WHAT IS A NETWORK? ........................................................................................................................................... 14
What is a node? ........................................................................................................................................... 14
What is a tie? ............................................................................................................................................... 14
What is a network? ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Structural holes and social action ................................................................................................................ 16
What flows through ties? ............................................................................................................................ 16
LEVELS OF ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL NETWORKS .................................................................................................................. 17
1. Environment: Interorganizational Networks ...................................................................................... 17
2. Multi-level .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Take-away message .................................................................................................................................... 19
LECTURE 3: RELATIONAL THINKING AND NETWORK ANALYSIS....................................................................... 20
BACKGROUND ON THE STUDY OF SOCIAL NETWORKS ..................................................................................................... 22
BASICS OF NETWORK ANALYSIS (NWA) .................................................................................................................... 24
TYPES OF DATA REPRESENTATION/ DATA ENTRY ........................................................................................................... 25
BASIC CONCEPTS ................................................................................................................................................... 31
TYPES OF RELATIONAL DATA..................................................................................................................................... 34
Relational content ....................................................................................................................................... 35
Valued data ................................................................................................................................................. 35
Directed data ............................................................................................................................................... 36
EXAM QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 38
LECTURE 4: RELATIONAL THINKING AND NETWORK ANALYSIS....................................................................... 40
PROMINENCE ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Degree centrality ......................................................................................................................................... 41
Closeness centrality ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Betweenness centrality ................................................................................................................................ 42
Prestige: status ............................................................................................................................................ 43
SOCIAL ROLES AND POSITIONS .................................................................................................................................. 44
Structural equivalence ................................................................................................................................. 44
Reqular equivalence .................................................................................................................................... 44
CENTRALIZATION ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Density ......................................................................................................................................................... 45
COHESIVE SUBGROUPS ........................................................................................................................................... 46
Cliques ......................................................................................................................................................... 46
n-cliques ....................................................................................................................................................... 47
EXERCISE ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
, EXAM QUESTIONS:................................................................................................................................................. 50
LECTURE 5: DETERMINANTS OF INTERORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS ........................................................... 52
Antecedents of interorganizational relations (learn by heart) .................................................................... 53
INTERACTIONS AMONG CONTINGENCIES ..................................................................................................................... 56
Other determinants of IOR’s… ..................................................................................................................... 56
SIX TYPES OF RELATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 56
KEY IDEAS ............................................................................................................................................................ 57
CONDITIONS FOR EACH CONTINGENCY: ILLUSTRATION (P.251) ....................................................................................... 57
Take-away message .................................................................................................................................... 57
LECTURE 6: CONFIGURATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER RELATIONS: AN EMPIRICALLY-BASED TAXONOMY
AND ITS DETERMINANTS ................................................................................................................................ 58
NOTION OF EMBEDDEDNESS 1 ................................................................................................................................. 60
NOTION OF EMBEDDEDNESS 2 ................................................................................................................................. 60
NOTION OF EMBEDDEDNESS 3 ................................................................................................................................. 60
NOTION OF EMBEDDEDNESS 4 ................................................................................................................................. 61
CONFIGURATIONS OF IORS ..................................................................................................................................... 61
Knowledge transfer IORs ............................................................................................................................. 61
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 62
Antecedents (all the factors that determine the configuration) of IOR-configurations ............................... 63
ANTECEDENTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
Antecedent 1: Environmental uncertainty ................................................................................................... 63
Antecedent 2: Perceived environmental uncertainty................................................................................... 64
Antecedent 3: Internal resource Base .......................................................................................................... 64
Antecedent 4: Breadth of innovative activities ............................................................................................ 64
Antecedent 5: Type of innovative activities ................................................................................................. 65
RESULTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 65
What can we conclude out of the research? ............................................................................................... 69
LECTURE 7: CONSEQUENCES OF NETWORKS AND RELATIONS AT THE ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL .................... 70
WHAT IS INNOVATION? .......................................................................................................................................... 70
Innovation types .......................................................................................................................................... 71
DV-INNOVATION OUTCOMES (MEASUREMENT) ........................................................................................................... 73
Innovation outcomes within this paper: ...................................................................................................... 73
THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: THE BROKERAGE TRIAD ................................................................................................... 73
Advantages and disadvantages of triads vs dyads ...................................................................................... 74
Triads versus dyads ...................................................................................................................................... 74
TRIADIC RELATIONSHIPS : 3 FORMS ........................................................................................................................... 75
Brokerage and closure in triads ................................................................................................................... 75
What is brokerage? ..................................................................................................................................... 75
In this paper: structural and institutional separation .................................................................................. 76
Structural separation ................................................................................................................................... 76
Institutional separation ............................................................................................................................... 76
EXAMPLES............................................................................................................................................................ 77
First the how: the hypothesis ....................................................................................................................... 77
Then: the why; theoretical mechanisms ...................................................................................................... 78
Practice ........................................................................................................................................................ 78
Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................. 80
IMPORTANT TAKE-AWAYS ....................................................................................................................................... 80
LECTURE 8: CONSEQUENCES OF NETWORKS AND RELATIONS AT THE ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL (CONTINUED)
....................................................................................................................................................................... 81
RELATIONS AND NETWORKS OF ORGANIZATIONS IN PROJECTS ....................................................................................... 82
Prior literature ............................................................................................................................................. 82
Past literature .............................................................................................................................................. 82
Research question........................................................................................................................................ 83
, Empirical setting .......................................................................................................................................... 83
Content & Sociometric analyses .................................................................................................................. 84
CONTRIBUTIONS: PROJECT BASED ORGANIZING LITERATURE .......................................................................................... 86
Contributions: Dynamic Networks Literature .............................................................................................. 86
MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 87
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS & TRANSFERABILITY OF FINDINGS ........................................................................................... 87
CONCLUDING REMARKS .......................................................................................................................................... 87
LECTURE 9: DYNAMICS OF INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL ATTACHMENTS: AUDITOR-CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS ...... 88
POSITION IN THE RESEARCH FIELD ............................................................................................................................. 89
EMPIRICAL POSITIONING ......................................................................................................................................... 91
Theoretical argument 1 ............................................................................................................................... 92
Theoretical argument 2 ............................................................................................................................... 92
Theoretical argument 3 ............................................................................................................................... 92
METHODS AND RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................... 93
Methods....................................................................................................................................................... 93
Results hypothesis 1..................................................................................................................................... 94
Methods and Results hypothesis 2 .............................................................................................................. 95
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 95
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 96
EXAM QUESTIONS ON THIS PAPER ............................................................................................................................. 96
LECTURE 10: MANAGEMENT OF INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND NETWORKS ........................ 99
ALLIANCES ........................................................................................................................................................... 99
GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................................... 100
THE ARCHITECTURE OF COOPERATION: ALLIANCES & GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE .............................................................. 100
HYPOTHESIS 1: (ANTICIPATED INTERDEPENDENCE ...................................................................................................... 101
HYPOTHESIS 2: APPROPRIATION CONCERNS/ TECHNOLOGY COMPONENT ....................................................................... 102
HYPOTHESIS 2: APPROPRIATION CONCERNS / APPROPRIABILITY REGIME......................................................................... 102
HYPOTHESIS 2: APPROPRIATION CONCERNS / APPROPRIABILTY REGIME ......................................................................... 102
HYPOTHESIS 3: TRUST .......................................................................................................................................... 103
INDUSTRY SETTING AND DATA ............................................................................................................................... 103
DATA AND MEASUREMENT .................................................................................................................................... 103
Analytical approach ................................................................................................................................... 104
FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................................................... 105
DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................................................... 106
TAKE AWAY MESSAGE........................................................................................................................................... 106
LECTURE 11: GAME SIMULATION ................................................................................................................ 107
LECTURE 12: INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORK EFFECTIVENESS ............................................................... 107
LECTURE SCHEME ................................................................................................................................................ 107
CATEGORIZING NETWORK STUDIES ......................................................................................................................... 108
CATEGORIZING INTERORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS .................................................................................................... 108
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: PROVAN AND MILWARD (1995) .................................................................................... 110
Findings...................................................................................................................................................... 110
Theoretical background: Network Management ...................................................................................... 111
THE RESEARCH OF RAAB, MANNAK & CAMBRÉ (2015): ‘COMBINING STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE, AND CONTEXT: ‘A
CONFIGURATIONAL APPROACH TO NETWORK EFFECTIVENESS ........................................................................................ 112
The empirical case: safety houses ............................................................................................................. 113
Measuring Network effectiveness ............................................................................................................. 113
Explaining network effectiveness .............................................................................................................. 114
Explaining network effectiveness .............................................................................................................. 116
SOME RECENT STUDIES AND INITIATIVES ................................................................................................................... 117
MOCK EXAM QUESTIONS....................................................................................................................................... 118
Aantekeningen
Blok 4, 2023-2024
,Inhoudsopgave
LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 5
Social capital: Why does it matter? ............................................................................................................... 5
IORs and IONs: a relational view of organizations ........................................................................................ 6
Social capital and success: Multi-level effect ................................................................................................. 6
Social capital and the individual’s quality of life ............................................................................................ 6
Social capital in the economy ........................................................................................................................ 6
LECTURE 2: DEFINITIONS, TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONS AND
NETWORKS OF ORGANIZATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 8
ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT: A MANAGERS PERSPECTIVE ...................................................................................... 9
SOCIAL NETWORKS: A RESEARCHER’S PERSPECTIVE ...................................................................................................... 11
The interorganizational problem ................................................................................................................. 11
WHY ARE IOR’S AND ION’S COMMON? .................................................................................................................... 12
IOR OFFER A WAY OF REDUCING ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY .................................................................................... 12
RESOURCE DEPENDENCE THEORY .............................................................................................................................. 13
ORGANIZATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND NETWORKS ......................................................................................................... 13
STUDYING SOCIAL NETWORKS .................................................................................................................................. 14
WHAT IS A NETWORK? ........................................................................................................................................... 14
What is a node? ........................................................................................................................................... 14
What is a tie? ............................................................................................................................................... 14
What is a network? ...................................................................................................................................... 15
Structural holes and social action ................................................................................................................ 16
What flows through ties? ............................................................................................................................ 16
LEVELS OF ANALYSIS IN SOCIAL NETWORKS .................................................................................................................. 17
1. Environment: Interorganizational Networks ...................................................................................... 17
2. Multi-level .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Take-away message .................................................................................................................................... 19
LECTURE 3: RELATIONAL THINKING AND NETWORK ANALYSIS....................................................................... 20
BACKGROUND ON THE STUDY OF SOCIAL NETWORKS ..................................................................................................... 22
BASICS OF NETWORK ANALYSIS (NWA) .................................................................................................................... 24
TYPES OF DATA REPRESENTATION/ DATA ENTRY ........................................................................................................... 25
BASIC CONCEPTS ................................................................................................................................................... 31
TYPES OF RELATIONAL DATA..................................................................................................................................... 34
Relational content ....................................................................................................................................... 35
Valued data ................................................................................................................................................. 35
Directed data ............................................................................................................................................... 36
EXAM QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 38
LECTURE 4: RELATIONAL THINKING AND NETWORK ANALYSIS....................................................................... 40
PROMINENCE ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Degree centrality ......................................................................................................................................... 41
Closeness centrality ..................................................................................................................................... 41
Betweenness centrality ................................................................................................................................ 42
Prestige: status ............................................................................................................................................ 43
SOCIAL ROLES AND POSITIONS .................................................................................................................................. 44
Structural equivalence ................................................................................................................................. 44
Reqular equivalence .................................................................................................................................... 44
CENTRALIZATION ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Density ......................................................................................................................................................... 45
COHESIVE SUBGROUPS ........................................................................................................................................... 46
Cliques ......................................................................................................................................................... 46
n-cliques ....................................................................................................................................................... 47
EXERCISE ............................................................................................................................................................. 49
, EXAM QUESTIONS:................................................................................................................................................. 50
LECTURE 5: DETERMINANTS OF INTERORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS ........................................................... 52
Antecedents of interorganizational relations (learn by heart) .................................................................... 53
INTERACTIONS AMONG CONTINGENCIES ..................................................................................................................... 56
Other determinants of IOR’s… ..................................................................................................................... 56
SIX TYPES OF RELATIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 56
KEY IDEAS ............................................................................................................................................................ 57
CONDITIONS FOR EACH CONTINGENCY: ILLUSTRATION (P.251) ....................................................................................... 57
Take-away message .................................................................................................................................... 57
LECTURE 6: CONFIGURATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER RELATIONS: AN EMPIRICALLY-BASED TAXONOMY
AND ITS DETERMINANTS ................................................................................................................................ 58
NOTION OF EMBEDDEDNESS 1 ................................................................................................................................. 60
NOTION OF EMBEDDEDNESS 2 ................................................................................................................................. 60
NOTION OF EMBEDDEDNESS 3 ................................................................................................................................. 60
NOTION OF EMBEDDEDNESS 4 ................................................................................................................................. 61
CONFIGURATIONS OF IORS ..................................................................................................................................... 61
Knowledge transfer IORs ............................................................................................................................. 61
INTRODUCTION TO PAPER 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 62
Antecedents (all the factors that determine the configuration) of IOR-configurations ............................... 63
ANTECEDENTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 63
Antecedent 1: Environmental uncertainty ................................................................................................... 63
Antecedent 2: Perceived environmental uncertainty................................................................................... 64
Antecedent 3: Internal resource Base .......................................................................................................... 64
Antecedent 4: Breadth of innovative activities ............................................................................................ 64
Antecedent 5: Type of innovative activities ................................................................................................. 65
RESULTS .............................................................................................................................................................. 65
What can we conclude out of the research? ............................................................................................... 69
LECTURE 7: CONSEQUENCES OF NETWORKS AND RELATIONS AT THE ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL .................... 70
WHAT IS INNOVATION? .......................................................................................................................................... 70
Innovation types .......................................................................................................................................... 71
DV-INNOVATION OUTCOMES (MEASUREMENT) ........................................................................................................... 73
Innovation outcomes within this paper: ...................................................................................................... 73
THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: THE BROKERAGE TRIAD ................................................................................................... 73
Advantages and disadvantages of triads vs dyads ...................................................................................... 74
Triads versus dyads ...................................................................................................................................... 74
TRIADIC RELATIONSHIPS : 3 FORMS ........................................................................................................................... 75
Brokerage and closure in triads ................................................................................................................... 75
What is brokerage? ..................................................................................................................................... 75
In this paper: structural and institutional separation .................................................................................. 76
Structural separation ................................................................................................................................... 76
Institutional separation ............................................................................................................................... 76
EXAMPLES............................................................................................................................................................ 77
First the how: the hypothesis ....................................................................................................................... 77
Then: the why; theoretical mechanisms ...................................................................................................... 78
Practice ........................................................................................................................................................ 78
Conclusions .................................................................................................................................................. 80
IMPORTANT TAKE-AWAYS ....................................................................................................................................... 80
LECTURE 8: CONSEQUENCES OF NETWORKS AND RELATIONS AT THE ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL (CONTINUED)
....................................................................................................................................................................... 81
RELATIONS AND NETWORKS OF ORGANIZATIONS IN PROJECTS ....................................................................................... 82
Prior literature ............................................................................................................................................. 82
Past literature .............................................................................................................................................. 82
Research question........................................................................................................................................ 83
, Empirical setting .......................................................................................................................................... 83
Content & Sociometric analyses .................................................................................................................. 84
CONTRIBUTIONS: PROJECT BASED ORGANIZING LITERATURE .......................................................................................... 86
Contributions: Dynamic Networks Literature .............................................................................................. 86
MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 87
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS & TRANSFERABILITY OF FINDINGS ........................................................................................... 87
CONCLUDING REMARKS .......................................................................................................................................... 87
LECTURE 9: DYNAMICS OF INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL ATTACHMENTS: AUDITOR-CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS ...... 88
POSITION IN THE RESEARCH FIELD ............................................................................................................................. 89
EMPIRICAL POSITIONING ......................................................................................................................................... 91
Theoretical argument 1 ............................................................................................................................... 92
Theoretical argument 2 ............................................................................................................................... 92
Theoretical argument 3 ............................................................................................................................... 92
METHODS AND RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................... 93
Methods....................................................................................................................................................... 93
Results hypothesis 1..................................................................................................................................... 94
Methods and Results hypothesis 2 .............................................................................................................. 95
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 95
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 96
EXAM QUESTIONS ON THIS PAPER ............................................................................................................................. 96
LECTURE 10: MANAGEMENT OF INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND NETWORKS ........................ 99
ALLIANCES ........................................................................................................................................................... 99
GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................................... 100
THE ARCHITECTURE OF COOPERATION: ALLIANCES & GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE .............................................................. 100
HYPOTHESIS 1: (ANTICIPATED INTERDEPENDENCE ...................................................................................................... 101
HYPOTHESIS 2: APPROPRIATION CONCERNS/ TECHNOLOGY COMPONENT ....................................................................... 102
HYPOTHESIS 2: APPROPRIATION CONCERNS / APPROPRIABILITY REGIME......................................................................... 102
HYPOTHESIS 2: APPROPRIATION CONCERNS / APPROPRIABILTY REGIME ......................................................................... 102
HYPOTHESIS 3: TRUST .......................................................................................................................................... 103
INDUSTRY SETTING AND DATA ............................................................................................................................... 103
DATA AND MEASUREMENT .................................................................................................................................... 103
Analytical approach ................................................................................................................................... 104
FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................................................... 105
DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................................................... 106
TAKE AWAY MESSAGE........................................................................................................................................... 106
LECTURE 11: GAME SIMULATION ................................................................................................................ 107
LECTURE 12: INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORK EFFECTIVENESS ............................................................... 107
LECTURE SCHEME ................................................................................................................................................ 107
CATEGORIZING NETWORK STUDIES ......................................................................................................................... 108
CATEGORIZING INTERORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS .................................................................................................... 108
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: PROVAN AND MILWARD (1995) .................................................................................... 110
Findings...................................................................................................................................................... 110
Theoretical background: Network Management ...................................................................................... 111
THE RESEARCH OF RAAB, MANNAK & CAMBRÉ (2015): ‘COMBINING STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE, AND CONTEXT: ‘A
CONFIGURATIONAL APPROACH TO NETWORK EFFECTIVENESS ........................................................................................ 112
The empirical case: safety houses ............................................................................................................. 113
Measuring Network effectiveness ............................................................................................................. 113
Explaining network effectiveness .............................................................................................................. 114
Explaining network effectiveness .............................................................................................................. 116
SOME RECENT STUDIES AND INITIATIVES ................................................................................................................... 117
MOCK EXAM QUESTIONS....................................................................................................................................... 118
