Bios 252 - Exam 2 (Weeks 3 &4) Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+.

Bios 252 - Exam 2 (Weeks 3 &4) Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+ regions of the spinal cord - Answer: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral ulnar nerve - Answer: nerve to upper limbs sacral plexus - Answer: nerve plexus associated with the lower lumbar and pelvic region conus medullaris - Answer: cord tapers to a point inferior to lumbosacral enlargement cauda equina - Answer: bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 dura mater - Answer: thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord arachnoid mater - Answer: weblike middle layer of the three meninges pia mater - Answer: the delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. Gray matter contains - Answer: cell bodies white matter contains - Answer: axons and myelin gray matter function - Answer: Site of information processing, synaptic integration white matter function - Answer: carry signals from one part of the CNS to another ascending tracts - Answer: carry sensory information to the brain desceding tracts - Answer: carry motor information down to effectors types of neurons involved with ascending tracts - Answer: first order, second order, third order ascending tracts pathways - Answer: spinocerebellar, spinothalamic, dorsal column descending tracts - Answer: carry motor commands to spinal cord types of neurons involved in descending tracts - Answer: upper motor and lower motor neuron descending tract pathways - Answer: direct to skeletal muscle, indirect to cardiac/smooth muscle Pathways of a somatic reflex arc - Answer: somatic receptors, afferent nerve fibers, integrating center, efferent nerve fibers, effectors stretch reflex - Answer: when a muscle is stretched, it "fights back" and contracts crossed-extension reflex - Answer: contraction of extensor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn; Maintains balance by extending other leg flexor reflex - Answer: moves a limb away from a painful stimulus sympathetic nervous system - Answer: fight or flight parasympathetic nervous system - Answer: rest and digest enteric nervous system - Answer: the nervous system of the digestive tract dura mater layers - Answer: periosteal and meningeal Diencephalon - Answer: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus Pons - Answer: A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain medulla oblongata - Answer: Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. Cerebellum - Answer: controls skeletal muscle movements, coordinates skeletal muscle contractions, maintains muscle tone for balance/equilibrium Diencephalon function - Answer: SENSORY RELAY STATION!!! (except smell) hypothalamus function - Answer: homeostasis, hormone secretion, autonomic effects, regulation of food/water and circadian rhythm frontal lobe - Answer: Primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca area parietal lobe - Answer: Integrates general senses, taste, and some visual information Primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association area, Wernicke's occipital lobe - Answer: Primary visual center of brain, Primary visual cortex/visual association areas temporal lobe - Answer: Functions in hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion - Primary auditory cortex/auditory association area, primary olfactory cortex, Wernicke's area insula - Answer: Helps in understanding spoken language, taste, primary gustatory cortex (swallowing) primary visual cortex - Answer: occipital lobe primary auditory cortex - Answer: temporal lobe and insula site of equilibrium - Answer: cerebellum and several brainstem nuclei site of taste - Answer: Primary gustatory cortex in parietal lobe site of smell - Answer: Primary olfactory cortex in temporal lobe wernike area function - Answer: Recognition/comprehension of spoken and written language Broca area function - Answer: Generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking cranial nerve - olfactory - Answer: 1 - smell - sensory cranial nerve - optic - Answer: 2 - vision - sensory cranial nerve - oculomotor - Answer: 3 - moves eyeball via extrinsic eye muscles; adjusts lens; constricts pupil - motor cranial nerve - trochlear - Answer: 4 - moves eyeball via extrinsic eye muscle (superior oblique) - motor cranial nerve - trigeminal - Answer: 5 - touch, pain, thermal sensation, chewing - mixed cranial nerve - abducens - Answer: 6 - moves eyeball via extrinsic eye muscle (lateral rectus) - motor cranial nerve - facial - Answer: 7 - taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue), pain, touch, thermal sensation, muscles of facial expression, secretion of tears/saliva - mixed cranial nerve - vestibulocochlear - Answer: 8 - hearing & equilibrium - sensory cranial nerve - glossopharyngeal - Answer: 9 - taste (posterior 1/3 of tongue), monitors co2 / o2, monitors BP, swallowing, saliva secretion - mixed cranial nerve - vagus - Answer: 10 - taste from epiglottis, Major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary function - mixed cranial nerve - accessory - Answer: 11 - movement of head - motor cranial nerve - hypoglossal - Answer: 12 - speech, manipulation of food, swallowing - motor conus medullaris - Answer: tapered inferior end of spinal cord carry motor information from the CNS to effectors - Answer: direct pathway