GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS JEE MAINS - VOL -E/M
VIII
Jr Chemistry
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS OF
ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
Basic Concepts & Introduction The important alloys of copper are : Brass,
Metallurgy : The science which deals with the Bronze, German silver, Bell metal and Gun metal.
extraction of metals from their ores is known as Furnaces
metallurgy. A furnace is a device designated for generation
Mineral and control of heat. The important furnaces used
A mineral is a naturally occuring material which in metallurgy are
contains metal either in native state or in combined 1) Reverberatory furnace
state. 2) Blast furnace
Ore 3) Open hearth furnace
The chemical from which a metal can be profitably 4) Bessemer converter
extracted. Refining of metals
Gangue or Matrix The process of removal of impurities to obtain
The earthy impurities like sand, rock and clay the pure metal is called refining. The methods of
associated with the ore are collectively known refinement are
as gangue. i. liquation ii. distillation
Flux iii. poling iv. cupellation and
The substance added to convert the gangue into v. electrolysis.
fusible mass is called flux. Hopper
Gangue + Flux Slag (fusible mass) It is the mouth of the furnace through which
Calcination charge is introduced.
The process of heating the ore to a high Charge
temperature below its melting point in the absence It is a mixture of the concentrated ore, flux and
of air. reducing agent.
Roasting Cup and Cone
The process of heating the ore below its melting It is a self regulating system to introduce the
point in the presence of free supply of air. charge into blast furnace.
Smelting Bosches
The high temperature reduction process in which Maximum width of the blast furnace.
the metal is obtained in molten state
Tuyeres
Refractory material Heating device of blast furnace through which
The substances which can withstand very high hot air is blown in.
temperature without melting or becoming soft.
Bessemerization
Silver
The process carried out in Bessemer converter.
The chief ores of silver are argentite or silver
It is used for the extraction of copper and
glance, horn silver and pyrargyrite.
manufacture of steel.
Zinc
Amalgamation
The chief ores of zinc are zinc blende, calamine
Alloying of metal with mercury.
and zincite.
Alloys Galvanization
An alloy is a solid solution of two or more elements Coating or alloying of metal with zinc.
with metallic property. Alloys of mercury are Tinning
called amalgams. Coating or alloying of metal with tin.
212 Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse
,JEE MAINS - VOL -E/M
VIII GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
Jr Chemistry
Occurrence of Metals
Elements vary in abundance. Among metals,
Carbonate Minerals
aluminium is the most abundant. It is the third
most abundant element in earth's crust (8.3%
approx. by weight). It is a major component of
many igneous minerals including mica and clays.
Many gemstones are impure forms of Al2O3 and
the impurities range from Cr (in 'ruby') to Co (in
'sapphire'). Iron is the second most abundant
metal in the earth's crust.
Ex: Kaolinite (a form of clay) [Al2(OH)4 Si2O5]
or Al2O3 .2SiO2 .2 H 2O
Copper glance Cu2S
Metals generally occur as their oxides,
carbonates, sulphides, chlorides, silicate minerals
etc.,
Oxide Minerals
Halide Minerals
Sulphide minerals
Sulphate Minerals
Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse 213
, GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS JEE MAINS - VOL -E/MVIII
Jr Chemistry
Phosphate Minerals Haematite (or) Magnetite ore is magnetic. It
contains silica as impurity. The silica is non
magnetic.
Liquation Process
This method is used if the ore contains high
melting gangue and easily fusible mineral particles.
Stibnite, an ore of antimony is placed on the height
of a slant surface and heated slowly. The ore
melts at 500 - 600°C and flows down leaving
behind the gangue.
Handpicking
Silicate Minerals Sand and small stones are removed by hand
picking method
Haematite ore occurs as lumps. So it can be
very easily seperated from the impurities like
sand, stone pieces present along with it by Hand
picking.
Gravity Concentration Method
Gravity process is used for the concentration of
denser ores from the water soluble and lighter
impurities (Gangue).
Principles of Extraction Oxide ores and carbonate ores are concentrated
The term metallurgy includes by this method.
i) concentration of the ore Washing with Water
ii) reduction of the ore iii) refining of metal Wilfley tables are specially made tables used for
The removal of the gangue from the ore is called washing the ore.
ore dressing (or) concentration of the ore. In this method ore is made into fine powder by
The separating of metal in crude form (impure using ball mills
form) from the ore is called reduction of the ore. The powdered ore is washed in a stream water.
The separation of a metal in pure state from the The lighter gangue (impurites) particles are
crude metal is called refining of metal. washed away leaving behind
The entire scientific and technological process Ores like cassiterite and alluvial sand (contains
used for isolation of the metal from its ores is Gold) Galena (PbS)are concentrated by washing
known as metallurgy with water.
Concentration of the Ore Gravity separation or hydrallic washing or
The concentration of the ore can be done by levigation method is based on the difference
i) Hydralic washing between the densities of the ore particle and
ii) Magnetic separation gangue.
iii) Froth floatation Electromagnetic Process
iv)Leaching This method is used if the ore (or) gangue
Electromagnetic Process particles are magnetic in nature.
This method is used if the ore (or) gangue Tin stone ore is non magnetic. It contains
particles are magnetic in nature. wolframite as impurity. The wolframite is
Tin stone ore is non magnetic. It contains magnetic. The formula of wolframite is FeWO4 .
wolframite as impurity. The wolframite is
magnetic. The formula of wolframite is FeWO4 .
214 Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse
VIII
Jr Chemistry
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESS OF
ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
Basic Concepts & Introduction The important alloys of copper are : Brass,
Metallurgy : The science which deals with the Bronze, German silver, Bell metal and Gun metal.
extraction of metals from their ores is known as Furnaces
metallurgy. A furnace is a device designated for generation
Mineral and control of heat. The important furnaces used
A mineral is a naturally occuring material which in metallurgy are
contains metal either in native state or in combined 1) Reverberatory furnace
state. 2) Blast furnace
Ore 3) Open hearth furnace
The chemical from which a metal can be profitably 4) Bessemer converter
extracted. Refining of metals
Gangue or Matrix The process of removal of impurities to obtain
The earthy impurities like sand, rock and clay the pure metal is called refining. The methods of
associated with the ore are collectively known refinement are
as gangue. i. liquation ii. distillation
Flux iii. poling iv. cupellation and
The substance added to convert the gangue into v. electrolysis.
fusible mass is called flux. Hopper
Gangue + Flux Slag (fusible mass) It is the mouth of the furnace through which
Calcination charge is introduced.
The process of heating the ore to a high Charge
temperature below its melting point in the absence It is a mixture of the concentrated ore, flux and
of air. reducing agent.
Roasting Cup and Cone
The process of heating the ore below its melting It is a self regulating system to introduce the
point in the presence of free supply of air. charge into blast furnace.
Smelting Bosches
The high temperature reduction process in which Maximum width of the blast furnace.
the metal is obtained in molten state
Tuyeres
Refractory material Heating device of blast furnace through which
The substances which can withstand very high hot air is blown in.
temperature without melting or becoming soft.
Bessemerization
Silver
The process carried out in Bessemer converter.
The chief ores of silver are argentite or silver
It is used for the extraction of copper and
glance, horn silver and pyrargyrite.
manufacture of steel.
Zinc
Amalgamation
The chief ores of zinc are zinc blende, calamine
Alloying of metal with mercury.
and zincite.
Alloys Galvanization
An alloy is a solid solution of two or more elements Coating or alloying of metal with zinc.
with metallic property. Alloys of mercury are Tinning
called amalgams. Coating or alloying of metal with tin.
212 Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse
,JEE MAINS - VOL -E/M
VIII GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
Jr Chemistry
Occurrence of Metals
Elements vary in abundance. Among metals,
Carbonate Minerals
aluminium is the most abundant. It is the third
most abundant element in earth's crust (8.3%
approx. by weight). It is a major component of
many igneous minerals including mica and clays.
Many gemstones are impure forms of Al2O3 and
the impurities range from Cr (in 'ruby') to Co (in
'sapphire'). Iron is the second most abundant
metal in the earth's crust.
Ex: Kaolinite (a form of clay) [Al2(OH)4 Si2O5]
or Al2O3 .2SiO2 .2 H 2O
Copper glance Cu2S
Metals generally occur as their oxides,
carbonates, sulphides, chlorides, silicate minerals
etc.,
Oxide Minerals
Halide Minerals
Sulphide minerals
Sulphate Minerals
Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse 213
, GENERAL PRINCIPLES & PROCESS OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS JEE MAINS - VOL -E/MVIII
Jr Chemistry
Phosphate Minerals Haematite (or) Magnetite ore is magnetic. It
contains silica as impurity. The silica is non
magnetic.
Liquation Process
This method is used if the ore contains high
melting gangue and easily fusible mineral particles.
Stibnite, an ore of antimony is placed on the height
of a slant surface and heated slowly. The ore
melts at 500 - 600°C and flows down leaving
behind the gangue.
Handpicking
Silicate Minerals Sand and small stones are removed by hand
picking method
Haematite ore occurs as lumps. So it can be
very easily seperated from the impurities like
sand, stone pieces present along with it by Hand
picking.
Gravity Concentration Method
Gravity process is used for the concentration of
denser ores from the water soluble and lighter
impurities (Gangue).
Principles of Extraction Oxide ores and carbonate ores are concentrated
The term metallurgy includes by this method.
i) concentration of the ore Washing with Water
ii) reduction of the ore iii) refining of metal Wilfley tables are specially made tables used for
The removal of the gangue from the ore is called washing the ore.
ore dressing (or) concentration of the ore. In this method ore is made into fine powder by
The separating of metal in crude form (impure using ball mills
form) from the ore is called reduction of the ore. The powdered ore is washed in a stream water.
The separation of a metal in pure state from the The lighter gangue (impurites) particles are
crude metal is called refining of metal. washed away leaving behind
The entire scientific and technological process Ores like cassiterite and alluvial sand (contains
used for isolation of the metal from its ores is Gold) Galena (PbS)are concentrated by washing
known as metallurgy with water.
Concentration of the Ore Gravity separation or hydrallic washing or
The concentration of the ore can be done by levigation method is based on the difference
i) Hydralic washing between the densities of the ore particle and
ii) Magnetic separation gangue.
iii) Froth floatation Electromagnetic Process
iv)Leaching This method is used if the ore (or) gangue
Electromagnetic Process particles are magnetic in nature.
This method is used if the ore (or) gangue Tin stone ore is non magnetic. It contains
particles are magnetic in nature. wolframite as impurity. The wolframite is
Tin stone ore is non magnetic. It contains magnetic. The formula of wolframite is FeWO4 .
wolframite as impurity. The wolframite is
magnetic. The formula of wolframite is FeWO4 .
214 Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse
