SR CHEMISTRY- JEE - NIT - MAINS - VOL - No. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Jr Chemistry E/M
CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
SYNOPSIS B. On the basis of molecular targets :
Based on the reaction of drug with biomolecules such
INTRODUCTION
as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids etc., these are
The chemicals of low molecular masses ranging from
classified into different types. These biomolecules
100 to 500U that react with macromolecular targets
are called target molecules. Drugs with similar
to produce a biological response are called “Drugs”.
structure have similar mechanism of action on
Eg: Antihistamine drugs, Analgesic drugs,
biomolecular targets.
Antipyretic drugs etc.
C. On the basis of chemical structure :
The drugs that produce biological response
The drugs with common structural features have
therapeutically and that are useful in diagnosis,
prevention and treatment of diseases are known as similar pharmacological activity.
medicines. Sulphonamides have common structural aspects and
Eg: Paracetamol, Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc. therefore are used for similar problems.
Drugs are the chemical substances which react with
macromolecular targets and produce biological
response.
Medicines are the drugs with therapeutic use and
they react with macromolecular targets and produce
biological responses which are useful in diagnosis,
prevention and treatment of diseases.
Use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called D. On the basis of pharmacological
chemotherapy. action :
Drugs are classified on the basis of pharmacological
action. This enhances the range of drugs used by
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS doctors for treatment of a particular problem. For
example, analgesics are used as pain killers .
Based on the Drug action Antiseptics are used to kill or prevent the growth of
bacteria.
Antipyretics are used to control body temperature
Antihistamines Cardio-Vascular Sedatives Hypnotics
drugs
during fever.
(A) DRUG - TARGET INTERACTION:
Biomolecules are the targets. Biomolecules like
Based on Molecular Targets
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
perform their respective functions. For example, some
Target is Nucleic Target is Target is Target is proteins play the role of biological catalysts and they
acid CArbohydrates Lipids Proteins
(B) are known as enzymes. Some proteins which help
in communication system are called receptors.
Based on Chemical Structures CATALYTIC ACTION OF ENZYMES
Enzymes provide active sites for holding the
Sulphonamide Esters
substrate molecules through a variety of interactions
Alcohols
like ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waal’s
(C) forces and dipole-dipole interactions.
Based on the Pharmocological Action They also provide such functional groups that will
attack the substrate to facilitate the chemical reaction
as the reagent attacks.
Analgesics Antiseptics Antirhumatics Antibiotics
DRUG - ENZYME INTERACTION:
(D)
Drugs interact with the active sites on enzyme and
A. On the basis of drug action : Based on the action inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
of drug in biochemical processes, drugs are classified Drugs which act as competitiv e inhibitors,
into different categories such as antihistamines,
sedatives, hypnotic drugs etc. Histamine causes preferentially attach to the active sites prior to
inflammation. To prevent inflamation, antihistamines substrate molecules. (or)
are used.
Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse 639
, CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE /SR CHEMISTRY- JEE - NIT - MAINS - VOL - No.
Jr Chemistry E/M
Some drugs attach to sites other than active sites. It is resposnible for the nasal congestion associated
They are called allosteric sites. By this attachment, with common cold and allergic response to pollen,
the shapes of active sites radically are affected so food product dustmite, house dust, sheep wool,
that the substrate molecules cannot recognise the human hair etc.,
active sites. Drugs block active sites. Histamine is a potent vasodilator.
DRUG - RECEPTOR INTERACTION Antihistamine is a chemical that interferes with the
natural action of histamine by binding sites of
Receptors are proteins that are crucial to body’s receptor where histamine exerts its effect.
communication process. These are present in cell Examples: Dimetapp (bromo pheniramine),
membranes but a small active part of it projects out Saldane(terfenadine) and cimetidine (Tegamet) etc.
of the membrane. Chemical substances, which act Ranitidine (zintac)is largely using as antihistamine
as messengers between neurons are received at the drug.
active projections and pass on the messages. It does not affect secretion of acid in the stomach.
Different receptors are selective towards chemical Drowsiness, retarded ability to perform work and
messengers since it depends on their shape, impaired alertness are the side effects of this drugs
sturcture and amino acid composition of the receptor
protein.
Drugs that bind to the receptor sites and inhibit its
natural function are called antagonists. These help
to block message transfer. Some other types of
drugs act as agonists and help transfer of message
(or) even mimic natural chemical messengers. Thus
these act as substitutes for the lack of chemical
messengers in the body.
THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF DIFFERENT
CLASSES OF DRUGS
ANTACIDS
The chemical substances which neutralise the
excess of acid generated in stomach and maintain
the normal pH value are called antacids.
These are basic in nature.
Magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate,
aluminium hydroxide gel, aluminium phosphate,
sodium bicorbonate etc., are some important
antacids.
Omeprazole, lansoprazole are the antacids now are
in use.
These antacids cannot control the cause, but
temporarily decrease the irritation, by preventing the
generation of acid.
Excess acid is responsible for ulcers.
Metal hydroxides are good antacids.
ANTIHISTAMINES : NEUROLOGICALLY ACTIVE DRUGS
Histamine is a chemical that stimulates the secretion TRANQUILIZERS
of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Tranquilizers are the chemical substances which
decrease the anxiety.
640 Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse
, SR CHEMISTRY- JEE - NIT - MAINS - VOL - No. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Jr Chemistry E/M
Tranquilizers are used in the management of Diazepam is a benzodiazepine
psychoses and neuroses. Serotonin and dopamine are both amines
They exert action on lower brain area. Dopamine plays important role in controlling
They also act as muscle relaxants,antihypertensive, movement, motivation and cognition.
antiemetic and antiepileptic Serotonin stabilises the mental process.
Tranquilizers are two types Amphetamine is a powerful stimulant
Major tranquilizers are used for psychoses. Structures of amphetamine, serotonin,adrenaline and
Minor tranquilizers are used for neuroses noradrenaline are similar.
Barbituric acid, Luminal, Valium etc., are important These are the derivatives of 2-phenyl ethylamine
tranquilizers. These are powerful tranquilizers
Sedatives produce relaxation and rest, without Adrenal gland secrets two hormones called
inducing sleep but hypnotics induce sleep adrenaline and noradrenaline
Some drugs may be used as both sedatives and Adrenaline increases blood pressure and heart beat.
hypnotics. Noradrenaline increases blood pressure and transmits
Luminal is a good sedative as well as hypnotic drug. impulses from the end of one nerve firbe to the next
Some drugs act only as sedatives. Example: KBr. If the level of noradrenaline is low, then singnal
Some drugs act only as hypnotics. Example sending activity becomes low and person suffers from
thiopentone. depression.
Sedativ es and hypnotics are classified into Iproniazid and phenelzine are antidepressent drugs.
barbiturates and nonbarbiturates. Chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate are mild
Barbiturates are substituted pyrimidine derivatives. tranquilisers used for relieving tension.
Their depressent action depends on dosage and root Equanil is used in controlling depression and
of administration. hypertension.
The basic structure of these barbiturates is that of In serotonin nitrogen containing five membered ring
barbituric acid is connected to benzene ring.
O
NH C C2 H 5
O=C C
NH C C6 H 5
O
Luminal
Derivatives of barbituric acid are namely veronal,
amytal,nembutal,luminal and seconal
Barbiturates are hypnotics(sleep producing agents)
Barbiturates exert depressant action on cerebrospinal
axis.
Barbituric acid is the condensation product of malonyl
dichloride and urea.
When two hydrogen atoms in barbituric acid are
replaced with alkyl,alkenyl or aryl groups at 5th
position, the product exhibits central nervous system
activity.
Luminal can also be called as phenobarbitone or
phenobarbital R1 C2 H 5 ; R2 C6 H 5
Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs.
These effect the message transfer mechanism and
are used for the treatment of stress and mental
diseases. eg : seconal,serotonin etc. Serotonin
If these are taken in small doses they act as sedatives
and in large doses they act as hypnotics.
Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse 641
Jr Chemistry E/M
CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
SYNOPSIS B. On the basis of molecular targets :
Based on the reaction of drug with biomolecules such
INTRODUCTION
as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids etc., these are
The chemicals of low molecular masses ranging from
classified into different types. These biomolecules
100 to 500U that react with macromolecular targets
are called target molecules. Drugs with similar
to produce a biological response are called “Drugs”.
structure have similar mechanism of action on
Eg: Antihistamine drugs, Analgesic drugs,
biomolecular targets.
Antipyretic drugs etc.
C. On the basis of chemical structure :
The drugs that produce biological response
The drugs with common structural features have
therapeutically and that are useful in diagnosis,
prevention and treatment of diseases are known as similar pharmacological activity.
medicines. Sulphonamides have common structural aspects and
Eg: Paracetamol, Aspirin, Ibuprofen etc. therefore are used for similar problems.
Drugs are the chemical substances which react with
macromolecular targets and produce biological
response.
Medicines are the drugs with therapeutic use and
they react with macromolecular targets and produce
biological responses which are useful in diagnosis,
prevention and treatment of diseases.
Use of chemicals for therapeutic effect is called D. On the basis of pharmacological
chemotherapy. action :
Drugs are classified on the basis of pharmacological
action. This enhances the range of drugs used by
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS doctors for treatment of a particular problem. For
example, analgesics are used as pain killers .
Based on the Drug action Antiseptics are used to kill or prevent the growth of
bacteria.
Antipyretics are used to control body temperature
Antihistamines Cardio-Vascular Sedatives Hypnotics
drugs
during fever.
(A) DRUG - TARGET INTERACTION:
Biomolecules are the targets. Biomolecules like
Based on Molecular Targets
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
perform their respective functions. For example, some
Target is Nucleic Target is Target is Target is proteins play the role of biological catalysts and they
acid CArbohydrates Lipids Proteins
(B) are known as enzymes. Some proteins which help
in communication system are called receptors.
Based on Chemical Structures CATALYTIC ACTION OF ENZYMES
Enzymes provide active sites for holding the
Sulphonamide Esters
substrate molecules through a variety of interactions
Alcohols
like ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, van der Waal’s
(C) forces and dipole-dipole interactions.
Based on the Pharmocological Action They also provide such functional groups that will
attack the substrate to facilitate the chemical reaction
as the reagent attacks.
Analgesics Antiseptics Antirhumatics Antibiotics
DRUG - ENZYME INTERACTION:
(D)
Drugs interact with the active sites on enzyme and
A. On the basis of drug action : Based on the action inhibit the catalytic activity of the enzyme.
of drug in biochemical processes, drugs are classified Drugs which act as competitiv e inhibitors,
into different categories such as antihistamines,
sedatives, hypnotic drugs etc. Histamine causes preferentially attach to the active sites prior to
inflammation. To prevent inflamation, antihistamines substrate molecules. (or)
are used.
Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse 639
, CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE /SR CHEMISTRY- JEE - NIT - MAINS - VOL - No.
Jr Chemistry E/M
Some drugs attach to sites other than active sites. It is resposnible for the nasal congestion associated
They are called allosteric sites. By this attachment, with common cold and allergic response to pollen,
the shapes of active sites radically are affected so food product dustmite, house dust, sheep wool,
that the substrate molecules cannot recognise the human hair etc.,
active sites. Drugs block active sites. Histamine is a potent vasodilator.
DRUG - RECEPTOR INTERACTION Antihistamine is a chemical that interferes with the
natural action of histamine by binding sites of
Receptors are proteins that are crucial to body’s receptor where histamine exerts its effect.
communication process. These are present in cell Examples: Dimetapp (bromo pheniramine),
membranes but a small active part of it projects out Saldane(terfenadine) and cimetidine (Tegamet) etc.
of the membrane. Chemical substances, which act Ranitidine (zintac)is largely using as antihistamine
as messengers between neurons are received at the drug.
active projections and pass on the messages. It does not affect secretion of acid in the stomach.
Different receptors are selective towards chemical Drowsiness, retarded ability to perform work and
messengers since it depends on their shape, impaired alertness are the side effects of this drugs
sturcture and amino acid composition of the receptor
protein.
Drugs that bind to the receptor sites and inhibit its
natural function are called antagonists. These help
to block message transfer. Some other types of
drugs act as agonists and help transfer of message
(or) even mimic natural chemical messengers. Thus
these act as substitutes for the lack of chemical
messengers in the body.
THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF DIFFERENT
CLASSES OF DRUGS
ANTACIDS
The chemical substances which neutralise the
excess of acid generated in stomach and maintain
the normal pH value are called antacids.
These are basic in nature.
Magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate,
aluminium hydroxide gel, aluminium phosphate,
sodium bicorbonate etc., are some important
antacids.
Omeprazole, lansoprazole are the antacids now are
in use.
These antacids cannot control the cause, but
temporarily decrease the irritation, by preventing the
generation of acid.
Excess acid is responsible for ulcers.
Metal hydroxides are good antacids.
ANTIHISTAMINES : NEUROLOGICALLY ACTIVE DRUGS
Histamine is a chemical that stimulates the secretion TRANQUILIZERS
of pepsin and hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Tranquilizers are the chemical substances which
decrease the anxiety.
640 Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse
, SR CHEMISTRY- JEE - NIT - MAINS - VOL - No. CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
Jr Chemistry E/M
Tranquilizers are used in the management of Diazepam is a benzodiazepine
psychoses and neuroses. Serotonin and dopamine are both amines
They exert action on lower brain area. Dopamine plays important role in controlling
They also act as muscle relaxants,antihypertensive, movement, motivation and cognition.
antiemetic and antiepileptic Serotonin stabilises the mental process.
Tranquilizers are two types Amphetamine is a powerful stimulant
Major tranquilizers are used for psychoses. Structures of amphetamine, serotonin,adrenaline and
Minor tranquilizers are used for neuroses noradrenaline are similar.
Barbituric acid, Luminal, Valium etc., are important These are the derivatives of 2-phenyl ethylamine
tranquilizers. These are powerful tranquilizers
Sedatives produce relaxation and rest, without Adrenal gland secrets two hormones called
inducing sleep but hypnotics induce sleep adrenaline and noradrenaline
Some drugs may be used as both sedatives and Adrenaline increases blood pressure and heart beat.
hypnotics. Noradrenaline increases blood pressure and transmits
Luminal is a good sedative as well as hypnotic drug. impulses from the end of one nerve firbe to the next
Some drugs act only as sedatives. Example: KBr. If the level of noradrenaline is low, then singnal
Some drugs act only as hypnotics. Example sending activity becomes low and person suffers from
thiopentone. depression.
Sedativ es and hypnotics are classified into Iproniazid and phenelzine are antidepressent drugs.
barbiturates and nonbarbiturates. Chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate are mild
Barbiturates are substituted pyrimidine derivatives. tranquilisers used for relieving tension.
Their depressent action depends on dosage and root Equanil is used in controlling depression and
of administration. hypertension.
The basic structure of these barbiturates is that of In serotonin nitrogen containing five membered ring
barbituric acid is connected to benzene ring.
O
NH C C2 H 5
O=C C
NH C C6 H 5
O
Luminal
Derivatives of barbituric acid are namely veronal,
amytal,nembutal,luminal and seconal
Barbiturates are hypnotics(sleep producing agents)
Barbiturates exert depressant action on cerebrospinal
axis.
Barbituric acid is the condensation product of malonyl
dichloride and urea.
When two hydrogen atoms in barbituric acid are
replaced with alkyl,alkenyl or aryl groups at 5th
position, the product exhibits central nervous system
activity.
Luminal can also be called as phenobarbitone or
phenobarbital R1 C2 H 5 ; R2 C6 H 5
Tranquilizers are neurologically active drugs.
These effect the message transfer mechanism and
are used for the treatment of stress and mental
diseases. eg : seconal,serotonin etc. Serotonin
If these are taken in small doses they act as sedatives
and in large doses they act as hypnotics.
Bapuji SPSS PU College, Tolahunse 641
