SIFT Study Guide Exam Questions
and Answers 100% Pass
Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia) - ✔✔An object in motion (or at rest) will tend to
stay in motion (or at rest) until it is acted upon by an outside force.
Interia - ✔✔The tendency of an object to resist a change in velocity whether the object is
in motion or motionless
kinetic friction - ✔✔when the surface of one object slides along the surface of another
object, static friction overcome. size of the friction force increases with an object's
weight.
fluid friction - ✔✔a friction force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid
(liquid or gas)
rolling friction - ✔✔friction that occurs when an object rolls over a surface
static friction - ✔✔a friction force that acts on objects that are not moving by an external
force, always equal to the force applied to the object.
Newton's Second Law - ✔✔F=ma
Force equals mass times acceleration
Newton's Third Law - ✔✔For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction
force
© EMILY CHARLENE YEAR 2025-2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation - ✔✔a particle attracts every other particle in
the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation Equation - ✔✔
Bernoulli's Principle - ✔✔as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the
fluid decreases (hydrodynamics)
weight - ✔✔force of gravity pushing the aircraft down
lift - ✔✔force required to raise the aircraft
thrust - ✔✔force applied to move aircraft forward
drag - ✔✔force that slows the aircraft down in prep for landing
Empty Weight Center of Gravity (EWCG) - ✔✔predetermined calculation of an
aircraft's weight and balance
Manufacturer's Empty Weight (MEW) - ✔✔Total weight of the aircraft as it was built.
Operating Empty Weight (OEW) - ✔✔MEW plus the weight of the crew, fluids,
unusable fuel, and the equipment required for flight.
All-Up Weight (AUW) or Aircraft Gross Weight (AGW) - ✔✔Total aircraft weight at
any given moment during a flight
decreases as fuel and fluids are consumed during the operation
Maximum Landing Weight (MLW) - ✔✔Aircraft's weight limit for landing
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW) - ✔✔Permissible weight of an aircraft with its
contents and includes unusable fuel. excludes the weight of usable fuel on board
Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW) - ✔✔aircraft's weight limit for takeoff
© EMILY CHARLENE YEAR 2025-2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, Maximum Ramp Weight (MRW) - ✔✔The weight limit for an aircraft to taxi or be
towed on the ground.
Flight Envelope - ✔✔Encompasses the limits of speed, altitude, and angle of attack
required by any aircraft to maintain a stable flight.
Angle of Attack (AOA) - ✔✔The angle between the direction of airflow against the
wing and the chord
Downwash - ✔✔the downward movement of air behind a wing in flight
Ailerons - ✔✔Located on the trailing edge of the wing to provide roll control
Flaps - ✔✔Control surfaces attached to the trailing edge of the wing extending outward
from the fuselage to the midpoint of each wing. can increase the lifting efficiency of the
wing and decrease stall speed.
Spoilers - ✔✔devices located on the wings that disrupt the airflow over the wing
causing loss of lift, reduce airspeed, and aid in landing
Parasite Drag - ✔✔low air pressure in tires, skin friction, or anything that increases
turbulence on the aircraft
Profile Drag - ✔✔produced mainly by the shape of the aircraft
Induced Drag - ✔✔When at the back of the wing air flowing rapidly across the top
meets air flowing more slowly underneath creating a vortex. increases when lift,
airspeed, and AOA increase
Longitudinal Axis (roll) - ✔✔runs lengthwise from the nose to the tail of the aircraft
Lateral Axis (Pitch) - ✔✔Runs wingtip to wingtip
Vertical Axis (yaw) - ✔✔Runs perpendicular to the wings at the center of the aircraft
© EMILY CHARLENE YEAR 2025-2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
and Answers 100% Pass
Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia) - ✔✔An object in motion (or at rest) will tend to
stay in motion (or at rest) until it is acted upon by an outside force.
Interia - ✔✔The tendency of an object to resist a change in velocity whether the object is
in motion or motionless
kinetic friction - ✔✔when the surface of one object slides along the surface of another
object, static friction overcome. size of the friction force increases with an object's
weight.
fluid friction - ✔✔a friction force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid
(liquid or gas)
rolling friction - ✔✔friction that occurs when an object rolls over a surface
static friction - ✔✔a friction force that acts on objects that are not moving by an external
force, always equal to the force applied to the object.
Newton's Second Law - ✔✔F=ma
Force equals mass times acceleration
Newton's Third Law - ✔✔For every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction
force
© EMILY CHARLENE YEAR 2025-2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation - ✔✔a particle attracts every other particle in
the universe with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation Equation - ✔✔
Bernoulli's Principle - ✔✔as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the
fluid decreases (hydrodynamics)
weight - ✔✔force of gravity pushing the aircraft down
lift - ✔✔force required to raise the aircraft
thrust - ✔✔force applied to move aircraft forward
drag - ✔✔force that slows the aircraft down in prep for landing
Empty Weight Center of Gravity (EWCG) - ✔✔predetermined calculation of an
aircraft's weight and balance
Manufacturer's Empty Weight (MEW) - ✔✔Total weight of the aircraft as it was built.
Operating Empty Weight (OEW) - ✔✔MEW plus the weight of the crew, fluids,
unusable fuel, and the equipment required for flight.
All-Up Weight (AUW) or Aircraft Gross Weight (AGW) - ✔✔Total aircraft weight at
any given moment during a flight
decreases as fuel and fluids are consumed during the operation
Maximum Landing Weight (MLW) - ✔✔Aircraft's weight limit for landing
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW) - ✔✔Permissible weight of an aircraft with its
contents and includes unusable fuel. excludes the weight of usable fuel on board
Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW) - ✔✔aircraft's weight limit for takeoff
© EMILY CHARLENE YEAR 2025-2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, Maximum Ramp Weight (MRW) - ✔✔The weight limit for an aircraft to taxi or be
towed on the ground.
Flight Envelope - ✔✔Encompasses the limits of speed, altitude, and angle of attack
required by any aircraft to maintain a stable flight.
Angle of Attack (AOA) - ✔✔The angle between the direction of airflow against the
wing and the chord
Downwash - ✔✔the downward movement of air behind a wing in flight
Ailerons - ✔✔Located on the trailing edge of the wing to provide roll control
Flaps - ✔✔Control surfaces attached to the trailing edge of the wing extending outward
from the fuselage to the midpoint of each wing. can increase the lifting efficiency of the
wing and decrease stall speed.
Spoilers - ✔✔devices located on the wings that disrupt the airflow over the wing
causing loss of lift, reduce airspeed, and aid in landing
Parasite Drag - ✔✔low air pressure in tires, skin friction, or anything that increases
turbulence on the aircraft
Profile Drag - ✔✔produced mainly by the shape of the aircraft
Induced Drag - ✔✔When at the back of the wing air flowing rapidly across the top
meets air flowing more slowly underneath creating a vortex. increases when lift,
airspeed, and AOA increase
Longitudinal Axis (roll) - ✔✔runs lengthwise from the nose to the tail of the aircraft
Lateral Axis (Pitch) - ✔✔Runs wingtip to wingtip
Vertical Axis (yaw) - ✔✔Runs perpendicular to the wings at the center of the aircraft
© EMILY CHARLENE YEAR 2025-2026, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
