NUR 323 Quiz -2 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+

NUR 323 Quiz #2 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+ Non-experimental studies provide what type of evidence? 1Level II 2Level III 3.Level IV 4Level V - Answer: 3. Level IV (4) A study was designed to assess whether motion had an effect on the mood of elderly residents in a nursing home. The researcher examined whether residents who ambulated for an hour every day were more engaged in their environments than those who did not ambulate. This type of study is known as what? 1.Prospective 2.Comparative 3.Ex post facto 4.Correlational - Answer: Comparative What is an advantage of using surveys for data collection? 1.Causation can be determined. 2.Information can be collected in great depth. 3.Large-scale surveys are relatively inexpensive. 4.A relatively small number of subjects can provide accurate information. - Answer: 4. A relatively small number of subjects can provide accurate information. What is the role of an investigator in a correlational study? 1.Examines the relationship between two or more variables. 2.Evaluates data collection instruments. 3.Determines a cause-and-effect relationship among variables. 4.Uses each subject as his or her own control. - Answer: 1.Examines the relationship between two or more variables. Non-experimental correlational studies are used frequently in nursing research for which reason? 1.Findings of non-experimental correlational studies can be generalized to larger populations. 2.Independent variables can be manipulated precisely in correlational studies. 3.Many of the phenomena of clinical interest fail to lend themselves to manipulation, control, or randomization. 4.To determine the best clinical practices, nurses must be aware of cause-and-effect relationships. - Answer: 3.Many of the phenomena of clinical interest fail to lend themselves to manipulation, control, or randomization. Which type of studies is concerned specifically with a time perspective? 1.Developmental studies 2.Cross-sectional studies 3.Descriptive studies 4.Causal modeling studies - Answer: 1.Developmental studies Graduates of nursing programs were surveyed 6 months post graduation to determine their perspectives on the adequacy of their nursing education. This study is an example of what kind of study? 1.A cross-sectional study 2.A prospective study 3.An ex post facto study 4.A longitudinal study - Answer: A cross-sectional study Why are predictive models used? 1.To synthesize findings from randomized clinical trials to test the effectiveness of an intervention 2.To develop measurement techniques to establish causal relationships 3.To generalize findings from non-experimental studies 4.To explain the relationships among variables to establish predictive or causal links - Answer: 4.To explain the relationships among variables to establish predictive or causal links Why are psychometrics used? 1.To interpret research data to determine cause-and-effect relationships 2.To use the research process to develop tools or techniques for use in measurement 3.To combine data from multiple research studies and summarize their findings 4.To analyze data collected for another purpose - Answer: To use the research process to develop tools or techniques for use in measurement A researcher explored the nursing practice of new graduates to measure the frequency of medical errors they made over time. A cohort of new graduates was surveyed at 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year post graduation. Which design best describes this study? 1.Correlational predictive 2.Retrospective correlational 3.Descriptive longitudinal 4.Comparative descriptive - Answer: Descriptive longitudinal Which type of study would be classified as a developmental study? 1.Descriptive 2.Correlational 3.Developmental 4.Exploratory 5.Cross-sectiona - Answer: Cross-sectional Which type of study would be classified as a longitudinal study? 1.Survey 2.Correlational 3.Developmental 4.Experimental - Answer: Developmental Which type of study is an ex post facto study? 1.Survey 2.Correlational 3.Developmental 4. Experimental - Answer: Developmental Which type of study is a comparative study? 1.Survey 2.Correlational 3.Developmental 4. Experimental - Answer: Survey Which type of study is a prospective study? 1.Survey 2.Correlational 3.Developmental 4.Experimental - Answer: Developmental Which type of study is a case-control study? 1.Survey 2.Correlational 3.Developmental 4.Experimental - Answer: Developmental Which type of study is a cohort study? 1.Survey 2.Correlational 3.Developmental 4.Experimental - Answer: Developmental The nurse researcher is designing an ex post facto study that uses cigarette smokers and non-smokers. In such a study, the independent variable for the experimental group is considered to be what? 1.Cigarette smoking 2.Lung cancer 3.Absence of lung cancer 4.Lack of cigarette smoking - Answer: Cigarette smoking The nurse researcher is designing an ex post facto study that uses cigarette smokers and non-smokers. In such a study, the dependent variable for the control group is considered to be what? 1.Cigarette smoking 2.Lung cancer 3.Absence of lung cancer 4.Lack of cigarette smoking - Answer: Absence of lung cancer Cross-sectional study is classified as _____. - Answer: developmental study and consequently as a relationship/difference study. A comparative study is classified as a _____. - Answer: Survey Cohort study is classified as _____. - Answer: relationship/difference studies. Case-control study is classified as _____. - Answer: relationship/difference studies A descriptive study is classified as a _____. - Answer: Survey Correlational study is classified as _____. - Answer: relationship/difference studies Which statements are true about non-experimental designs? (Select all that apply.) 1.In non-experimental studies, the independent variable is manipulated. 2.Non-experimental designs are used to test relationships among variables. 3.Non-experimental designs can be used to construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point in time. 4.In non-experimental studies, subjects are randomly selected. - Answer: -Non-experimental designs are used to test relationships among variables. -Non-experimental designs can be used to construct a picture of a phenomenon at one point in time. What is another name for longitudinal studies? (Select all that apply.) 1.Prospective studies 2.Cohort studies 3.Repeated measures studies 4Ex post facto studies - Answer: 1-Prospective studies 2-Cohort studies 3-Repeated measures studies What are potential disadvantages of conducting longitudinal studies? (Select all that apply.) 1.Subject loss as a result of attrition 2.Loss of a control group 3.The Hawthorne effect 4Superficiality of data - Answer: -The Hawthorne effect -Subject loss as a result of attrition What is another name for retrospective studies? (Select all that apply.) 1.Repeated measures studies 2.Case-control studies 3.Cohort studies 4.Ex post facto studies - Answer: -Case-control studies -Ex post facto studies A nurse researcher demonstrated that cigarette smoking appeared to be a determinant of lung cancer. The researcher was unable to conclude a causal relationship exists between cigarette smoking and lung cancer because of which reason? (Select all that apply.) 1The independent variable was not manipulated. 2Subjects were not randomly assigned to groups. 3The researcher did not have a high level of control. 4The causal event did not occur before the effect event. - Answer: 1-The independent variable was not manipulated. 2-Subjects were not randomly assigned to groups. Which studies are classified as survey studies? (Select all that apply.) 1-Descriptive 2-Correlational 3-Developmental 4-Exploratory 5Comparative 6-Cross-sectiona - Answer: 1-Descriptive 4-Exploratory 5-Comparative Which studies are classified as relationship-difference studies? (Select all that apply.) 1Descriptive 2Correlational 3Developmental 4Exploratory 5Comparative 6Cross-sectional - Answer: 2-Correlational 3-Developmental 5-Comparative DEC with corr + comp A research study explored the meaning of health for migrant farmworker women in a southern state. A convenience sample of 20 migrant farmworker women was surveyed. What is the population of this study? 1Migrant farmworker women in Georgia 2Migrant farmworkers 3Migrant farmworker women 4Migrant farmworkers in Georgia - Answer: 1.Migrant farmworker women in Georgia What is the purpose of establishing inclusion and exclusion criteria? 1To randomize sample selection 2To delineate an accessible population 3To control for potential bias 4To clarify the research question - Answer: To control for potential bias In a nationwide study, a researcher collected blood samples from patients who had been diagnosed with clinical depression. The researcher also collected blood samples from each patient's nuclear family. Which sample technique did the researcher most likely use? 1Purposive 2Convenience 3Quota 4Random - Answer: Convenience Which population meets criteria for being most available for study? 1A target population 3An accessible population 4A convenience sample 5A representative population - Answer: An accessible population What is the most important characteristic of a sample? 1Delimitation 2Purposiveness 3Representativeness 4Accessibility - Answer: Representativeness What is true about both non-probability sampling techniques and probability sampling techniques? 1Non-probability sampling techniques are more rigorous. 2Each element has an equal chance of being included in the study with either technique. 3Probability sampling more likely results in a representative sample. 4Generalizability of findings is not possible with either technique. - Answer: 3Probability sampling more likely results in a representative sample. Voluntary participation in a study may result in a sample that feels strongly about the issue being studied. This issue occurs in which type of sampling method? 1Convenience sampling 2Probability sampling 3Stratified random sampling 4Cluster sampling - Answer: Convenience sampling A quota sampling technique introduces what type of bias? Internal validity External validity Face validity Content validity - Answer: External validity When is purposive sampling most useful? 1When few people are willing to participate 2When members of the target population are heterogeneous 3When a highly unusual group is being studied 4When many subjects drop out of a study before it is completed - Answer: 3.When a highly unusual group is being studied Which sampling technique would the researcher most likely use to study specific characteristics of adult triplets who were raised separately? 1Convenience 2Quota 3Purposive 4Random - Answer: Purposive A random sample of U.S. hospitals is surveyed to discover their nurse-to-patient ratios. What is the sampling frame for this study? 2All nurses hired by hospitals 3All U.S. hospitals 4All patients of the sample hospitals 6Hospitals responding to the survey - Answer: All U.S. hospitals What sampling technique uses random numbers to select a sample from a list of possible subjects? 1Simple random sampling 2Stratified random sampling 3Non-probability sampling 4Cluster sampling - Answer: Simple random sampling To conduct a practice analysis of nurse aides, a researcher uses the outlined steps to select a sample of nurse aides:1. Obtaining a random sample of all hospitals in the United States.2. Acquiring a list of every aide working in those hospitals3. Randomly selecting two aides from each hospital. What is this sampling technique used? 1Quota sampling 2Stratified random sampling 3Purposive sampling 4Cluster sampling - Answer: 4Cluster sampling A researcher wanted to conduct a study of depression among men working in executive corporate positions. The researcher located 10 subjects by advertising and then invited each of those subjects to refer their acquaintances who met the study criteria. What is this sampling technique called? 1Snowballing 2Matching 3Clustering 4Systematic - Answer: 1Snowballing When is bias introduced into a study? 1When sample selection is carried out inconsistently 2When subjects do not volunteer to participate 3When probability sampling techniques are used 4When the population is homogeneous - Answer: 1When sample selection is carried out inconsistently Which sampling strategy is considered to be easy in terms of drawing a sample? 1Convenience 2Quota 3Simple random 4Stratified random - Answer: Convenience Which sampling strategy is considered time consuming in terms of drawing a sample? 1Convenience 2Quota 3Simple random 4Stratified random - Answer: Stratified random Which sampling strategy is considered to have the greatest risk of bias of any strategy? Convenience Quota Simple random Stratified random - Answer: Convenience Methods of probability sampling include what? Cluster Convenience Quota Purposiv - Answer: Cluster Which sampling method is considered to be either less or more time consuming depending on the strata? Purposive Quota Cluster Convenience - Answer: Cluster Which sampling strategy has a greater risk of bias as compared to other sampling strategies? Purposive Quota Cluster Convenience - Answer: Convenience Which sampling strategy is considered to be easy in terms of ease of drawing the sample? Purposive Quota Cluster Convenience - Answer: Convenience Which sampling strategy has bias that increases with the greater heterogeneity of the population? Purposive Quota Cluster Convenience - Answer: Purposive Which sampling strategy has very limited ability to generalize because the sample is handpicked? Purposive Quota Cluster Convenience - Answer: Purposive A nurse conducted a research study that compared patient outcomes (length of hospital stay and perceived knowledge of disease process) in groups of 12-year-old patients with a diagnosis of epilepsy. Which are delimitations of this study? (Select all that apply. )Gender Age Socioeconomic status Diagnosis - Answer: -Age -Diagnosis Which statements are true about convenience sampling? (Select all that apply.) 1Convenience sampling is the most commonly used method of sampling. 2Convenience sampling is the strongest non-probability sampling strategy. 3Research consumers should be skeptical about the external validity of the finding. 4Convenience sampling provides level III evidence. 5A disadvantage is that it is difficult for the researcher to obtain subjects - Answer: 1-Convenience sampling is the most commonly used method of sampling. 3-Research consumers should be skeptical about the external validity of the finding. What can jeopardize the representativeness of the sample regardless of the technique used? (Select all that apply.) 1A large sample size 2Equal representation of each sample subset 3Sample heterogeneity 4Subjects dropping out of the study 5Ability to replicate the study population - Answer: 1-Sample heterogeneity 4-Subjects dropping out of the study 5-Ability to replicate the study population What should be considered when estimating a sample size? (Select all that apply.) 1The design of the study 2The time available for analyzing data 3The type of sampling procedure used 4The cost of collecting data 4Homogeneity of the attributes under investigation - Answer: 1-The design of the study 3-The type of sampling procedure used 4-The cost of collecting data What do the methods of non-probability sampling include? (Select all that apply.) 1Cluster 2Convenience 3Quota 4Purposive 5Stratified random - Answer: 1-Convenience 3-Quota 4-Purposive Which sampling strategy is considered laborious in terms of drawing a sample? (Select all that apply.) 1convenience 2Quota 3Simple random 4Snowballing - Answer: 3-Simple random 4-Snowballing Which sampling strategy is considered relatively easy in terms of drawing a sample? (Select all that apply.) 1Purposive 2Quota 3Simple random 4Stratified random - Answer: 1-Purposive 2-Quota