AIPC Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+

AIPC Exam Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+ Loneliness definition and impact on health - Answer: Torture, Pain Difference between loneliness and depression - Answer: Depression is caused by many things Lonliness roots is isolation What needs do communication fulfill? - Answer: Physical Identity Social Needs Practical Needs Evolutionary perspective on need for interpersonal connections - Answer: Need for survival Origins of the field- when did most rel. comm. research begin? - Answer: Most begun in the 1970's Diff between interpersonal relationships and non-IPRs (3 features) - Answer: Unique, Irreplaceable, Requires understanding of partners How is the relationship between communication and relationships symbiotic? - Answer: Communication influences relational development and in turn relational development influences the nature of communication What does it mean to say that is IPC interdisciplinary - Answer: Borrows from other Disciplines and can be used in other disciplines as well Importance of messages in IPC - Answer: The exchange of verbal and non-verbal messages between people Relationship between interpersonal comm. and Relational Comm. - Answer: -Expression and interpretation of messages in close or potentially close relationships -Vital messages and Mundane interaction Role relationships - Answer: Interdependent impact one another behavior Not unique- no shared experience outside of a specific context Easily replaceable Interpersonal relationships - Answer: Repeated interactions over time; invest time and effort Influence one another: emotional level, self-disclosure, emotional support Unique interactions (shared experiences) Close relationships - Answer: -Strong emotional attachment -Irreplaceable, enduring bonds, invest extensive time and effort, -fulfill needs 3 needs that close relationships fulfill - Answer: -Affection, -social inclusion/belonging: Lack of it low self- esteem, -Behavior control: feel control of one own life, help us manage stressors, keep us accoutnable Links between affection and health - Answer: Better physical health, mental health, and better relationship Most research regarding communication in relationships is based on what demographic group? - Answer: Young, White, middle class heterosexual Mainstream vs. non-mainstream relationships, and Challenges of non-mainstream rels. - Answer: Heterosexual, male and male, heterosexual with children Characteristics that distinguish relationships (e.g., voluntary vs. non AND Role of culture) - Answer: Voluntary vs non: Family and friends Genetically related vs non- related Sexual vs platonic Romantic vs non-romantic Male vs female or Masculine vs feminine Define identity - Answer: The person we believe we are and communicate to others How do we come to know our identity? - Answer: Family, Friends, Romantic partners, Groups Self-presentation - face to face and online - Answer: -Clothing, Speech, Hair, tattoos, Many others -Facebooks, Instagram, Instagram, Dating websites (farmers only) Looking-glass self - Answer: The influence and criticism of others that may help shape our identity self-fulfilling prophecy - Answer: CENTRAL characteristics create social expectations for our behavior. Social Identity Theory - Answer: A framework to help us understand how we develop and maintain identity In-group behaviors - Answer: To maintain positive views of ourselves, we think our groups as better than other (outside) groups Importance of perceptions of group superiority - Answer: Group identity is strongest under conditions of uncertainty What groups are most likely to identify closely with cultural and ethnic identity? Why? - Answer: Minorities since they are reminded that they don't fit in, everyday reminder, more aware When it comes to identity management What does it mean to say "perceptions ARE reality". - Answer: If you can manipulate others perceptions, you can appear to be cool, attractive- even if you're not How Introverts vs. extroverts in use social media - Answer: -Extroverts: Social Enhancements, improve face to face interactions -Introverts: Social Compensation, make up for what they lack in face to face interactions Types of social networking users: broadcasters, interactors, spies - Answer: Broadcasters: Update others on their life, but interact infrequently, Communicate identity to a mass audience Interactors: Use SM to connect and maintain relationships, Use SM to make new friends Spies: Use SM for surveillance Darkside of social networking - Answer: Increased Narcissism Manipulate images to shame or deceive others Depression- Social Comparison SM addiction: Low academic achievement, substance abuse, relationship problems self-esteem - Answer: how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself self-expansion theory - Answer: We expand our identities in relationships; we grow from new experiences that partner's identity brings Does completely intertwining our lives with our relationship partners guarantee relationships satisfaction? What's the downside to completely intertwined or too intertwined? - Answer: No, Too much we rather than I, Can be detrimental to one owns identity, who am I without my partner What does self-expansion theory predict about infidelity? - Answer: If self-expression is not fulfilled by one partner, we feel stagnate and seek another partner 7 Principles of identity management - Answer: The looking glass self Interpretation of feedback Expectations and Behavior Self-evaluation Goal Achievement Relationships How is self-presentation a skill? How can it help you in your personal and professional life? - Answer: Knowing when to switch gears What is the Dramaturgical Perspective? - Answer: A perspective suggesting that the world is a stage, people are actors, and we enact performances geared for particular audiences, with performances enacted to advance beneficial images of ourselves Under what three conditions are we most likely to "perform"? - Answer: -The behavior reflects highly valued, core aspects of the self -When there are serious positive or negative consequences at stake -The behavior reflects directly on rules of conduct What are "frontstage" and "backstage"? Can switching occur? If yes, how? - Answer: -Front stage: Where we perform and audience observes -Back: Don't have to be in character no more -Yes, intimate pics backstage, posted on social media- front stage Corrective and preventative practices - Answer: Corrective, things people do to repair their image, when it has been damaged Preventative: Things people do to prevent their image from being damaged in the future How do we know when a "performance" is successful? - Answer: Did the performance successfully advance the image that the performer desires for that particular audience Politeness Theory - Answer: all people are motivated to maintain two kinds of face: positive and negative -People have to deal with a constant struggle between wanting to do what they want (which satisfies their negative face needs) and wanting to do what makes them look good (which satisfies their positive face needs What is "facework"? What does it mean to "save face"? - Answer: Maintaining the self-image we project What is an FTA (Face-threatening act)? - Answer: Anytime a person threatens another person's Face -Types of FTAs (no politeness, positive politeness, negative politeness, indirectly/off-record) -Positive Politeness: Address positive face concerns -Negative Politeness: Address negative face concerns -Indirectly: ambiguous so the receiver may catch the drift -No politeness: Blunt Physical attraction - Answer: Drawn to peoples looks (Body, Hair, eyes, smile, ) Symmetry Social attraction - Answer: Feel like we would hang out. The person would fit in with family and other friends- Bro-mance Task attraction - Answer: Work with someone to achieve goals i. Ex: Group work to achieve a goal, selecting the right individual Sexual attraction - Answer: Desire to engage in sexual activity i. Sometimes fleeting or situational, Someone you work with, someone you aren't normally attracted to, but they do something Sexual Desire Fatal attraction - Answer: When the very qualities that draw us to someone eventually breakup the relationship i. Does not turn off switch, humor no off switch, business no time with you Personal Qualities - Answer: Reward value: one of the most powerful influences on attraction 1. Interdependence theory: Rewards & Cost Attraction a. Time, Sacrifices such as satisfying your partner interest that aren't yours Expectations: Determine what we see as unusual - Answer: 1. If unusual behavior is seen as rewarding attractive 2. If seen as not rewarding not attractive 3. Expectation for future interaction motivates us to look for positive qualities increases attraction Ex; someone you will be working with, you dismiss their negative and try to fill it in with positive or they may be exacerbating but complete their task Biological aspects: Hormones - Answer: 1. Oxytocin- Hormone of love; rose colored glasses a. Increases trust, empathy, social approachability 2. Brain a. Attraction activates reward centers (Dopamine) b. Decreased activity: areas of the brain for judgment and negative emotions. We validate/ignore negative behavior Demographics - Answer: 1. Sex differences a. Men value physical attractiveness more b. Women value similarity, personality more c. Linked to evolutionary roles i. Attractiveness, fertility (men), vs Security, commitment, combability (Women) 2. Gender differences 3. Sexual orientation 4. Age Personality - Answer: 1. Attachment 2. Relationship beliefs 3. Self-esteem 4. Narcissism Physical attractiveness - Answer: Attraction and universal preferences (box p. 69) a. Body and facial symmetry b. Body proportion and the golden ratio c. Waist-to-hip ratio d. Koinophilia e. Facial neoteny and maturity - Faces are more attractive when the have a combo of babylike and mature features (e.g., woman with large eyes, full lips, high cheekbones; man with large eyes, small nose, strong jawline). Attraction and cultural preferences (box p. 69) - Answer: a. Coloring b. Weight c. Height Attitudinal similarity (reinforcement model) - Answer: We are attracted to people who reinforce our worldview We perceive people who are similar to us as more trustworthy more attractive Differential importance explanation - Answer: Good communicators are attracted to good communicators; poor communicators are attracted to poor communicators Ignorance is bliss explanation - Answer: Low skilled communicators are not aware that others communicate better than they do (they have always interacted with other low-skill people) Sour grapes explanation - Answer: Those with poor skills are very aware, and see highly-skilled out of reach. They settle for lower-skilled partners and hate on higher-skilled people Similarity in physical attractiveness - Answer: Matching Hypothesis: Predicts that people will be attracted to and seek our partners who are similar in terms of physical attractiveness b. Couples not similar are noticeable i. Assumptions are made about the less attractive partner (must have some other exceptional qualities- money, great personality) Similarity - Answer: Similarity in musical preferences Similarity in names and birthdates (implicit egotism - it's b/c we like ourselves!) Opposites attract - Answer: Better predictor when its linked to behaviors (Partying vs staying home) or resources (one person is a spender and the other is frugal) a. Doesn't work well for core values 2. Better for short-term relationships a. Expand horizons; have fun Qualities of the social environment / Physical environment - Answer: Temperature, music, decorations, size, ceiling, height, wall color, Etc Low lighting; soft colors; We associate positive feeling from environment with people who are a part of that environment Excitation transfer: We can associate (sometimes incorrectly the cause of emotional arousal) - Answer: a. Mistake adrenalin and increased heart rate from fear, for attraction b. EX. Woman marries first responder who saved her from husband who stabbed her 32 times Proximity - Answer: Gives people the opportunity to meet, learn about values, similarities, differences, etc Ex. Workplace or class romance Social environment a. Attitudes are strongly influenced by our family and friends b. Approval of partners from social networks increases attraction Romeo and Juliet Effect - Answer: People are more attracted to partners who are forbidden by partners Attraction online - Answer: Attraction online Curvilinear relationship between number of friends and being seen as "attractive", both physically and socially. (around 300: Tong et al., 2008)