BIOLOGY EOC EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Describe a prokaryotic cell in comparison to a eukaryotic cell. - ANSWER-
Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nuclei or other organelles, except cell membranes,
cytoplasm, and DNA. (example:bacteria). Eukaryotic cells are much more complex,
and they do contain a nucleus and organelles. (example:animals).
What is the cell theory? - ANSWER-The cell theory states: all living things are
composed of cells, cells are basic units of structure and function in living things, and
new cells are produced from existing cells.
Why is the surface area-to-volume ratio important in cells? - ANSWER-Changes in
the surface area to volume ratio have important implications for limits or constraints
on organism size (too large result in lack of nutrients, size and information overload,
and excess of wastes) Cells splits into two cells to avoid this (mitosis)
List and describe the main organelles present in an eukaryotic cell. - ANSWER-Cell
Membrane: Doorway-allows substances in and out.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside a cell.
Nucleus: Control center-brain.
Nuclear Membrane: protects the nucleus.
Mitochondria: powerhouse-source of energy.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: transportation system.
Ribosomes: protein factories
Golgi bodies: post office- enzymes attach carbs
Vacuole: storage tanks
Lysosomes: clean up crew- break down substances.
Cell Wall (plant): Fence-structure and support
Chloroplast (plant): Energy Producers-photosynthesis.
What is the role of the plasma membrane? What does it mean to be selectively
permeable? - ANSWER-The plasma membrane regulates what leaves and enters
the cell and also provides protection and support. If selectively permeable, the
membrane only allows certain material to enter and leave the cell.
What are phospholipids? - ANSWER-Make up the lipid bilayer. Phospholipids are fat
derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one
of several nitrogen-containing molecules. They are amphiphlic molecule, meaning a
portion can be dissolved in water and a portion that cannot dissolve in water.
Describe the fluid mosaic model. - ANSWER-The fluid mosaic model states that the
phospholipid bilayer behaves like a fluid more than it behaves like a solid. The
membrane's lipids and proteins can move laterally within the bilayer, like a boat on
the ocean.
, What does the cell membrane have embedded proteins? - ANSWER-The proteins
help substances that can not easily pass through the membrane by allowing them to
pass through protein channels (faciliated diffusion)
Describe multicellular organization (steps from cells to organisms) - ANSWER-Cells
to tissue to organs to organ systems.
What is passive transport? Give three examples. - ANSWER-Passive transport
involves the movement of substances across a cell membrane that does not require
the input energy. Examples: diffusion, osmosis( movement from higher concentration
to lower concentration, and faciliated diffusion.
Hypertonic: - ANSWER-When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell
is higher than the concentration in the cytosol.
Hypotonic: - ANSWER-when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is
lower than concentration in the cytosol.
Isotonic: - ANSWER-when the concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell
are equal.
What is a concentration gradient? - ANSWER-The movement of a substance from
an area with a high concentration to an area of low concentration. In active transport,
the substances move against the concentration gradient (move from low to high)
What does it mean to have equilibrium in a cell? - ANSWER-Equilibrium is a stable
situation in which forces cancel one another (no net movement in or out of cell) Think
Isotonic!
Describe active transport. Give an example. - ANSWER-In active transport the
substances move across the concentration gradient (move from low to high) .
Example: sodium/potassium pump.
Contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs. - ANSWER-Autotrophs have the ability to
capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food (also
known as producers). Heterotrophs obtain their energy from the food it consumes
(also known as consumers.)
What are the reactants and products in photosynthesis? - ANSWER-The reactants of
photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, and light. The product is sugar (glucose)
and oxygen.
What does "polarity" mean in regards to the properties of water? - ANSWER-Polarity
involves a substance that has a distinct positive end and a distinct negative end.
Water is an example! Because it is polar, water molecules attract to other water
molecules.
What are organic compounds? - ANSWER-An organic compounds is any
compounds that contains carbon. Organic chemistry is the study of these
compounds.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Describe a prokaryotic cell in comparison to a eukaryotic cell. - ANSWER-
Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nuclei or other organelles, except cell membranes,
cytoplasm, and DNA. (example:bacteria). Eukaryotic cells are much more complex,
and they do contain a nucleus and organelles. (example:animals).
What is the cell theory? - ANSWER-The cell theory states: all living things are
composed of cells, cells are basic units of structure and function in living things, and
new cells are produced from existing cells.
Why is the surface area-to-volume ratio important in cells? - ANSWER-Changes in
the surface area to volume ratio have important implications for limits or constraints
on organism size (too large result in lack of nutrients, size and information overload,
and excess of wastes) Cells splits into two cells to avoid this (mitosis)
List and describe the main organelles present in an eukaryotic cell. - ANSWER-Cell
Membrane: Doorway-allows substances in and out.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside a cell.
Nucleus: Control center-brain.
Nuclear Membrane: protects the nucleus.
Mitochondria: powerhouse-source of energy.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: transportation system.
Ribosomes: protein factories
Golgi bodies: post office- enzymes attach carbs
Vacuole: storage tanks
Lysosomes: clean up crew- break down substances.
Cell Wall (plant): Fence-structure and support
Chloroplast (plant): Energy Producers-photosynthesis.
What is the role of the plasma membrane? What does it mean to be selectively
permeable? - ANSWER-The plasma membrane regulates what leaves and enters
the cell and also provides protection and support. If selectively permeable, the
membrane only allows certain material to enter and leave the cell.
What are phospholipids? - ANSWER-Make up the lipid bilayer. Phospholipids are fat
derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one
of several nitrogen-containing molecules. They are amphiphlic molecule, meaning a
portion can be dissolved in water and a portion that cannot dissolve in water.
Describe the fluid mosaic model. - ANSWER-The fluid mosaic model states that the
phospholipid bilayer behaves like a fluid more than it behaves like a solid. The
membrane's lipids and proteins can move laterally within the bilayer, like a boat on
the ocean.
, What does the cell membrane have embedded proteins? - ANSWER-The proteins
help substances that can not easily pass through the membrane by allowing them to
pass through protein channels (faciliated diffusion)
Describe multicellular organization (steps from cells to organisms) - ANSWER-Cells
to tissue to organs to organ systems.
What is passive transport? Give three examples. - ANSWER-Passive transport
involves the movement of substances across a cell membrane that does not require
the input energy. Examples: diffusion, osmosis( movement from higher concentration
to lower concentration, and faciliated diffusion.
Hypertonic: - ANSWER-When the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell
is higher than the concentration in the cytosol.
Hypotonic: - ANSWER-when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is
lower than concentration in the cytosol.
Isotonic: - ANSWER-when the concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell
are equal.
What is a concentration gradient? - ANSWER-The movement of a substance from
an area with a high concentration to an area of low concentration. In active transport,
the substances move against the concentration gradient (move from low to high)
What does it mean to have equilibrium in a cell? - ANSWER-Equilibrium is a stable
situation in which forces cancel one another (no net movement in or out of cell) Think
Isotonic!
Describe active transport. Give an example. - ANSWER-In active transport the
substances move across the concentration gradient (move from low to high) .
Example: sodium/potassium pump.
Contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs. - ANSWER-Autotrophs have the ability to
capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food (also
known as producers). Heterotrophs obtain their energy from the food it consumes
(also known as consumers.)
What are the reactants and products in photosynthesis? - ANSWER-The reactants of
photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, and light. The product is sugar (glucose)
and oxygen.
What does "polarity" mean in regards to the properties of water? - ANSWER-Polarity
involves a substance that has a distinct positive end and a distinct negative end.
Water is an example! Because it is polar, water molecules attract to other water
molecules.
What are organic compounds? - ANSWER-An organic compounds is any
compounds that contains carbon. Organic chemistry is the study of these
compounds.
