NR 507 Cardiovascular Questions with Answers 2025

NR 507 Cardiovascular Questions with
Answers 2025
Cardiovascularadisordersa-acorrectaanswers-
cardiovascularadisordersaareaprevalentainaprimaryacare.amanyaofatheadisordersadevelopaov
eraseveralayears,adueatoatheariskafactorsatoawhichaindividualsahaveabeenaexposed.aforaeacha
disorderacoveredainathisaunit,aaadiscussionaofariskafactorsawillabeaincluded.aforatheaconceptsa
coveredabelow,aclinicalaapplicationaofaeachadiseaseawillabeaprovidedasoathatastudentsacanau
nderstandatheaimportanceaofapathophysiologyainadiagnosingaandatreatingatheadisease.

Prerequisiteaknowledge:
Forathisacontent,ayouashouldahaveaaabasicaknowledgeaofacardiacaanatomy;aknowatheadiffere
ncesabetweenathearightaandaleftasidesaofatheaheart,ainatermsaofastructureaandafunction.ayouas
houldaalsoapossessasolidaknowledgeaofatheaunidirectionalabloodaflowathroughatheaheart.afora
example,adeoxygenatedabloodaarrivesatoathearightasideaofatheaheart,atravelsatoatheapulmona
ryaarteriesatoareleaseaco2aandapickaupaoxygen.aatathisapoint,atheaoxygenatedabloodaisacarrie
dafromathealungsathroughatheapulmonaryaveinsatoathealeftasideaofatheaheartawhereaitaeventual
lyareachesatheaaortaatoacarryaoxygenatedabloodaoutatoatheabodyaorgans.atheacellularaphysiol
ogyarelatedatoacardiacacontractionaisaanotheraimportantabasicaconceptatoaknow,aasaelectroly
tesa(sodium,apotassiumaandacalcium)aplayaaamajoraroleainamuscleacontraction.afinally,atheac
onceptsaofapreload,Aafterload,aandacontractilityaareaessentialatoaunderstand,aasaallaofathesea
canabeaaffectedainasomeawayawhenaaapersonahasacardiovascularadisease.
Whataisacoronaryaarteryadiseasea(CAD)?A-acorrectaanswers-
cadaisaconsideredathealeadingacauseaofadeathainatheaunitedastatesa(U.S.).aitaisathearesultaofal
ongstandingaatherosclerosis.A

Atherosclerosisabeginsawithadamageatoatheaendothelium.aitaisatheaendothelium,aunderanor
malafunctioningathatamaintainsabalanceabetweenatheavasoconstrictiveaandavasodilationaact
ions,apreventsaplateletsafromaaggregatingaandacontrolaofatheaproductionaofafibrin.awhenathea
endotheliumabecomesadamaged,aourafamiliarainflammatoryaprocessesaoccur.amacrophag
esaattachatoatheaendothelium,asettingaupaphagocytosis;aplaqueaformationaandavasoconstric
tionaalsoaoccursamarkingatheabeginningaofaatherosclerosis.atheaplaquealesionsalocatedainath
eavesselsabecomeaenlargedawhichaallowsatheaplaqueatoaprogressawithinatheaenlargedavess
elalumen.atheaplaquealesionadisruptsanormalabloodaflowaandacausesathrombusaformationaw
hichacanabeatriggeredabyacardiacariskafactorsasuchaasaelevatedaldl,Acholesterol,asmokingaan
dadiabetes.A

So,awhyaisathisaaaproblem?A
Well,atheaplaqueatakesadecadesatoadevelopainatheacoronaryaarteries.awithamildadisease,ablo
odaflowacanagetathroughatheaarteriesaandatheapatientaisaasymptomatic.aovertime,athisabuilda
upacanaleadatoanarrowingawhicharesultsainadecreasedaoxygenasupply.awhenaatherosclerosi
sareachesaaaclinicallyasignificantalevel,atheapatientawillabeginatoaexperienceaangina.afurthera

, progressionaofatheadiseaseawillaresultainaacuteacoronaryasyndromea(ACS),aformerlyaknowna
asamyocardialainfarctiona(MI).
Theamajorariskafactoraforatheadevelopmentaofacada-acorrectaanswers-
theamajorariskafactoraforatheadevelopmentaofacadaisafamilyahistory.athereaisaaa50%ahigheraris
kaforaindividualsatoadevelopaheartadiseaseaifatheyahaveaaafirstadegreearelativea(especiallyafat
her)aorasiblingawhoahasasufferedafromaacsaoraprematureacardiacadeatha(<aagea55ayears).alif
estyleaalsoaimpactsarisk,aespeciallyatobaccoauseaandaevenasecondhandasmokeaexposure.ai
taisaalwaysaimportantaforatheanpatoastressasmokingacessationawithaallapatientsawhoasmokeato
bacco,ainaorderatoadecreaseatheapatient'sariskaforacad.asedentaryalifestyleawillaalsoaincreasea
one'sariskaforadevelopingacad.aphysicalainactivityacanaleadatoaoverweighta(BMIA25-
29.9)aoraobesitya(BMIA30AandAabove).amaleagender,Ahypertension,aelevatedatotalacholester
ol,aelevatedalow-densityalipoproteina(LDL),Aand/oradecreasedahigh-
densityalipoproteina(HDL)aareaalsoariskafactors,aasawellaasadiabetesamellitus.
Myocardialaischemiaa-acorrectaanswers-
myocardialaischemiaaisatheacauseaofahisachestapain.aischemiaaoccursawhenatheaheart'saoxy
genademandaexceedsasupply.aforathisapatient,aheaexperiencedahisachestapainaduringaexerci
se.aischemiaaoccurredabecauseaofatheanarrowingaofaataleastaoneacoronaryaarteryabyaathero
scleroticaplaques.athearesultaisatheanarrowingaofatheadiameteraofatheacoronaryaartery.athisare
ducesaoxygenatedabloodaflowathroughatheaarteryathataleadsatoaanainsufficientaoxygenasuppl
yatoatheaheart.aadenosineaisaalsoareleasedathatastimulatesasympatheticanerveafibersathataca
usesaatrialaandaventricularacontraction.ainaaddition,asympatheticastimulationaoccursaatatheau
pperathoracicadorsalarootsaofatheaspinalacordathataleadsatoatheaarmapain.
C.G.ahasaseveralariskafactorsacontributingatoatheadevelopmentaofacad:A-acorrectaanswers-
1)Amale
2)afamilyahistoryaofacad
3)Ahypertension
4)Asmoking
Cadashouldastronglyabeasuspectedaandafurtheratestingatoaassessatheaextentaofatheapatient'sa
diseaseaincluding:A-acorrectaanswers-
electrocardiograma(ECG),acardiacaenzymesa&Atroponin,Alipids,aandacardiacastressatest.aina
mostacases,atheapatientawillabeareferredatoaandaco-
managedabyaaacardiologist.atreatmentawillaincludeabothanon-
pharmacologicalaandapharmacologicalamanagementaofatheadisease.
Heartafailurea-acorrectaanswers-
heartafailureaisaaaveryacomplexadiseaseastateathatacanabeathearesultaofastructuralaorafunction
alaimpairmentaofatheaheart,awhichathenaleadsatoatheaheart'saimpairedaabilityatoafillaoraejectasu
fficientaamountsaofabloodaoutatoatheabody.alet'sareviewasomeabasicaconceptsarelatedatoathisa
disease:

A-
cardiacaoutputa(CO):atheaamountaofabloodathatatheaheartapumpsaina1aminute.acoaisaalsoakno
wnaasacardiacacontractility.
A-coaformula:ACO=heartaratea(HR)axastrokeavolumea(SV).

A-

SV:atheavolumeaofabloodapumpedaoutaofathealeftaventricleaduringaeachasystolicacardiacacontr
action.