NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Questions with Answers 2025

NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
Questions with Answers 2025
Hypersensitivity:atypea1a-acorrectaanswers-
typea1:aallergicareaction,amediatedabyaige,ainflammationadueatoamastacelladegranulation

Localasymptoms:A
-itching
-rash
Systemicasymptoms:A
-wheezing
Mostadangerousa=aanaphylacticareaction
Systemicaresponseaofahypotension,asevereabronchoconstriction
Mainatreatment:aepinephrineareversesatheaeffects
Hypersensitivity:atypea2a-acorrectaanswers-
typea2:acytotoxicareaction;atissueaspecifica(ex:athyroidatissue)

Macrophagesaareatheaprimaryaeffectorsacellsainvolved

Canacauseatissueadamageaoraalterafunction

Grave'sAdiseaseA(hyperthyroidism)A-
aexampleaofaalteringathyroidafunction,abutadoesanotadestroyathyroidatissue




Incompatibleabloodatype-
aexampleaofacell/tissueadamageathataoccurs;asevereatransfusionareactionaoccursaandatheatr

ansfusedaerythrocytesaareadestroyedabyaagglutinationaoracomplement-mediatedalysis.
Typea1ahypersensitivityavs.atypea2ahypersensitivitya-acorrectaanswers-
typea1ahypersensitivity
Organaspecific
Antibodyabindsatoatheaantigenaonatheacellasurface

Typea2ahypersensitivity
Notaorganaspecific
Antibodyabindsatoatheasolubleaantigenaoutsideatheacellasurfaceathatawasareleasedaintoatheabl
oodaorabodyafluids,aandatheacomplexaisathenadepositedainatheatissues
Hypersensitivity:atypea3a-aexamplesa-acorrectaanswers-
rheumatoidaarthritis:aantigen/antibodiesaareadepositedainatheajoints

Systemicalupusaerythematosusa(SLE)-averyacloselyarelatedatoaautoimmunity-
Aantigen/antibodiesadepositainaorgansathatacauseatissueadamage

Hypersensitivity:atypea4a-acorrectaanswers-delayedaresponse

, Doesanotainvolveaantigen/antibodyacomplexesalikeatypesa1,a2aanda3

Isat-cellamediated
Differentiatingabetweenathearashaofaaatypea1avs.atypea4areaction:A-acorrectaanswers-
typea1:aimmediateahypersensitivityareactions,atermedaatopicadermatitis,aareausuallyacharac
terizedabyawidelyadistributedalesions

Typea4:acontactadermatitisa(delayedahypersensitivity)aconsistsaofalesionsaonlyaatatheasiteaofa
contactawithatheaallergen

Theakeyadeterminantaisatheatimingaofathearash:A
-typea1a=aimmediatea
-typea4a=adelayed:aseveraladaysafollowingacontact,aexawouldabeapoisonaivy
Treatmentaofatypea4arasha-acorrectaanswers-aanon-
severeacaseaofacontactadermatitisawouldabeatreatedawithatopicalacorticosteroid.A

Whyanotaepinephrineaoraantihistamines?A
-
epinephrineaisaforaemergentatypea1aanaphylacticareactions.aantihistaminesaactaonatheah1are
ceptors.atypea4adoesanotainvolveamastacellsaandah1areceptors.A

Antibioticsanotaappropriateasinceanotaanainfection
Autoimmunitya-acorrectaanswers-
autoimmuneadiseaseacanabeafamilial,aaffectedafamilyamembersamayanotaalladevelopatheasa
meadisease,abutaseveralamembersamayahaveadifferentadisordersacharacterizedabyaaavariet
yaofahypersensitivityareactions,atheseaincludeaautoimmuneaandaallergicareactions
Associationsawithaparticularaautoimmuneadiseasesahaveabeenaidentifiedaforaaavarietyaofam
ajorahistocompatibilityacomplexa(MHC)aallelesaoranon-mhcagenes
Alloimmunitya-acorrectaanswers-
generalatermausedatoadescribeawhenaanaindividual'saimmuneasystemareactsaagainstaantige
nsaonatheatissuesaofaotheramembersaofatheasameaspecies.A

Examples:aneonataladiseaseawhereatheamaternalaimmuneasystemabecomesasensitizedaag
ainstaantigensaexpressedabyatheafetus,atransplantarejection,atransfusionareaction
Primaryaimmunodeficiencya-acorrectaanswers-
mostaprimaryaimmuneadeficienciesaarearesultaofasingleageneadefects
Somethingaisalackingawithatheaimmuneasystemaitself.

Example:AB-lymphocyteadeficiencya-
aoneaofatheamostasevereaformsaofaaaprimaryaimmunodeficiency

Secondaryaimmunodeficiencya-acorrectaanswers-
complicationaofasomeaotheraphysiologicalacondition/disease,amalnutritionaoneaofamostacom
monacausesaworldwide.aexample:apt.awithahivagetsapneumocystisacarinii
Hematologya-acorrectaanswers-
Anemias,ainvolvearbcs,amostaofabody'saironastoresacomeafromathearecyclingaofaironafromaold
arbcs