Block 3- Test 1 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+.

Block 3- Test 1 Questions and Complete Solutions Graded A+ What are the sources of natural water? - Answer: 1. Wells 2. Springs 3. Rivers 4. Lakes 5. Ponds How are streams and springs fed? - Answer: By groundwater or snowmelt at higher elevations. To be considered adequate, a system must be capable of what? - Answer: Supplying the water needed for fire protection in addition to domestic requirements. In order for water to be used, what needs to happen to it? - Answer: It needs to be processed by a Water Treatment Facility to remove impurities and minerals. What can impurities and minerials harm? - Answer: Humans, animals, and plants. Before water can enter the distribution system, it needs to pass through what? - Answer: Water treatment facility What are the three methods of moving water? - Answer: 1. Gravity 2. Direct pumping 3. Combination, using both gravity and direct pumping Whats gravity system? - Answer: Moving water from the source to the facility without using pumping equipment. Whats direct pumping system? - Answer: A pump is placed near the water source and moves it to the facility. Whats a combination system? - Answer: A combination of using both gravity and direct pump system. What does the water distribution system consist of? - Answer: 1. A network of pipes 2. Storage tanks 3. Isolation 4. Control valves 5. Hydrants Whats piping? - Answer: A system that delivers adequate pressure water to the desire location. Whats another name for underground pipes? - Answer: Water Mains What can underground water mains be made of? - Answer: Cast iron, ductile iron, asbestos cement, steel, PVC Pipe, or Concrete. When water travels through pipes, what does the movement cause? - Answer: The movement causes friction which leads to pressure reduction. What are the three water mains that a water distribution consist of? - Answer: 1. Primary Feeders 2. Secondary Feeders 3. Distributors Whats a Primary Feeder? - Answer: large pipes, with relatively widespread spacing. Whats secondary feeders? - Answer: Intermediate pipes that interconnect with the primary feeder liners to create a grid. Whats a distributor? - Answer: Smaller than water mains in diameter that serve individual fire hydrants. What factors can cause fire hydrants to fail or reduce pressure? - Answer: 1. Damaged hydrant valves and connections 2. Broken water mains 3. Greater demand than the system can provide What should firefighters know about the fire hydrant? - Answer: 1. Types of fire hydrant 2. Markings 3. Use 4. Inspections 5. Maintenance Who can test fire hydrants? - Answer: 1. Firefighters 2. Inspectors 3. Water department personnel 4. Private Contractors Whats a Dry-Barrel Hydrant - Answer: Its designed to be used in climates that are expected to have freezing temperatures. Where is the main control valve of a dry barrel hydrant found? - Answer: At the base or foot of the hydrant, below the frost line. How do you test that a dry barrel hydrant is draining properly? - Answer: Theres a slight suction/vacuum from the discharge opening. If a dry barrel is not completely open or closed, what can it cause? - Answer: It can cause the ground to erode. Whats a wet barrel hydrant? - Answer: Are designed to be used in warmer climates and have water in the hydrant all the time. How are the compression valves placed on wet barrel hydrant? - Answer: Horizontal What can fire hydrant markings be used for? - Answer: They can be used to designate flow capacity. Why are fire hydrants painted? - Answer: So they can be readily visible. Who can make better decisions regarding the fire attack by knowing the expected water flow from a hydrant? - Answer: Fire Officers (Crew Chiefs) Fire hydrants should NOT be placed how many feet apart? - Answer: 300 feet Intermediate hydrants may be required if distances between intersections exceed how many feet? - Answer: 350 to 400 feet Who may be assigned the task of inspecting and flow testing fire hydrants and performing limited maintenance? - Answer: Fire department personnel When inspecting a fire hydrant, what are some potential problems to look for? - Answer: 1. Obstructions 2. Outlets that face the wrong direction 3. insufficient clearing between outlets and the ground 4. Hydrant damage 5. Rusting and corrosion 6. Outlets missing or stuck in place with paint 7. Painted by property owners (miscolored) When testing a fire hydrant, how long should the water flow? - Answer: Until clear water is visible What are some alternative water supplies? - Answer: Lakes, ponds, rivers, the ocean, swimming pools, farm stock tanks, and rainwater collection cisterns and detention ponds. In order to access alternative water supplies, what needs to be established? - Answer: A drafting operation When drafting water from any natural source, what needs to be attached at the end of the hard suction hose? - Answer: a stainer Why should a hard suction hose be positioned and supported? - Answer: So it doesn't rest on or near the bottom of the source. How many inches should the hard intake strainer be above and below the water? - Answer: 24 inches all around Why are strainers attached to hard intake hoses? - Answer: to avoid picking up slit and debris. How many inches deep can floating strainers draft water from the source? - Answer: 24 inches What are the two common operations used to transport water? - Answer: Water shuttle operations and relay pumping Whats water shuttle operations? - Answer: Its the process of hauling water from a supply source to the incident scene. When are water shuttle operations recommenced? - Answer: When distances are greater than 1/2 mile. ___________ and ___________ capabilities are critical to efficient water shuttle operation. - Answer: Fast-fill and Fast dump What are the three key components to water shuttle operations? - Answer: 1. Fill site 2. Dump site 3. Mobile water supply apparatus to haul water from the fill site to the dump site. Where is the dump site generally located? - Answer: Near the actual fire or incident. Where attack aparatus is located. Whats the beginning capacities of portable tanks? - Answer: 1,000 gallons What are the two general portable water tanks? - Answer: 1. Collapsible or folding style 2. Round, self supporting Before opening a portable tank, what needs to be placed on the ground first? - Answer: A salvage cover or heavy duty tarp. What tool can be used to transfer water from one tank into another? - Answer: A jet siphon What size discharge line does jet siphon use? - Answer: 1 1/2 inches What are the four basic methods by which mobile water supply apparatus unload water? - Answer: 1. Gravity dumping through large dump valves 2. Jet dumps 3. Apparatus-mounted pumps 4. Combination of these methods Whats the rate that tankers and tenders must fill and dump? - Answer: at least 1,000 GPM What are the two important factors when considering to establish a relay operation? - Answer: 1. Water supply must be capable of maintaining the required volume of water for the duration of the incident 2. The relay must be established quickly enough to be worthwhile. What are the several factors that determine the number of pumpers needed and the distance between the pumpers? - Answer: 1. Required volume of water 2. Distance between the water source and the fire scene 3. Size of supply hose available 4. Amount of hose available 5. Pumper capacities What fire vehicle should be placed near the water source? - Answer: The apparatus with the larges pumping capacity. Whats another name for an intake hose? - Answer: Suction hose What is a suction hose used for? - Answer: Its used to connect the pumper to a hydrant or another water source. What are the two categories in a suction hose/intake hose? - Answer: 1. Soft intake hose 2. Hard intake hose Whats a soft intake hose? - Answer: its a suction hose used to transfer water from pressurized water source to the pump intake. Whats the diameter of a soft intake hose? - Answer: 2 1/2 to 6 inches Whats a hard intake hose? - Answer: Its primarily used for drafting operations, but can also be used with fire hydrants. Whats the diameter of a hard intake hose? - Answer: 2 1/2 to 6 inches. What NFPA regulates the amount of hose that needs to be on a fire apparatus? - Answer: NFPA 1901. How many feet of hard intake hose and soft intake does NFPA 1901 require to be on a fire apparatus? - Answer: 15 feet of soft intake hose 20 feet of hard intake hose Whats another name for soft intake hose? - Answer: Pony roll Where is soft intake hose stored? - Answer: on the side or on the bumper compartment Where is hard intake hose stored? - Answer: On the side and its usually identify by black ridged hose appearance. How many feet of supply hose does NFPA 1901 require a fire apparatus to carry? - Answer: 800 feet. Whats the diameter of supply hose? - Answer: 2 1/2 to 6 inches How many feet of attack hose does NFPA 1901 require fire apparatus to carry? - Answer: 400 feet Whats the diameter of attack hose? - Answer: 1 1/2, 1 3/4, 2 inches. Where are supply and attack hose stored? - Answer: In the open compartments known as hose beds. Whats the GPM of a 1 1/2 inch attack hose? - Answer: 40-125 GPM Whats the GPM of a 1 3/4 inch attack hose? - Answer: 40-175 GPM Whats the GPM of a 2 inch attack hose? - Answer: 100-250 GPM How many personnel are required to operate an attack hose effectively? - Answer: 1 1/2 inch hose requires one to two persons. 1 3/4 inch hose requires at least two personnel 2 inch hose requires two to three personnel What are fire hose couplings designed for? - Answer: They are designed to connect hose sections to form a continuous hose. Also they are made to connect to nozzles, hydrants, pumper connections, and Fire Department Connections (FDCs) What are the two distinctly different coupling? - Answer: Male and Female Describe a male and female coupling. - Answer: A male coupling has the thread on the exterior surface and the female coupling has the thread in the interior surface. What piece of the male and female coupling allows the thread to connect without needing to twist the hose? - Answer: The swivel Whats the name of the portion that serves as a point to attach on the couplings? - Answer: The shank Where are lugs located? - Answer: They are located on the male coupling Where is the swivel located? - Answer: The female coupling How can couplings be connected? - Answer: They can be connected manually or with the assistance of spanner wrenches. What are the different type of lugs found today? - Answer: 1. Pin 2. Recessed 3. Rocker lugs 4. Extended handles Whats a spanner wrench? - Answer: Its a small tool to help tighten or loosen hose couplings Whats the most common type of lug on hoses? - Answer: Rocker lugs Where are extended handle lugs located? - Answer: On the swivels of large intake supply hoses. How are Non-threaded couplings connected? - Answer: They are connected with locks or cams. What type of coupling is commonly used on Large Diameter Hose (LDH)? - Answer: Storz Couplings How do you handle couplings? - Answer: Handle them with car to prevent damage. What are the types of damage that can occur to exterior coverings and inner lining of fire hoses? - Answer: 1. Mechanical Damage 2. Thermal Damage 3. Organic Damage 4. Chemical Damage 5. Corrosion 6. Age Deterioration How do Mechanical damage occur? - Answer: By abrasions, Cuts, and tears How do thermal damage occur? - Answer: Exposure to fire, high heat, or freezing temperatures How do organic damage occur? - Answer: Attack from mold and mildew How do chemical damage occur? - Answer: Deterioration due to solvent action on synthetic materials and natural fibers How do corrosion damage occur? - Answer: Rusting of metal couplings How do age deterioration occur? - Answer: Cracking at points where hose was consistently folded and separation of inner liner from exterior covering How can you extend the working life of fire hose? - Answer: Through inspections, care, and maintenance. What type of water is used to clean fire hose? - Answer: Clear water. How do you clean a fire hose? - Answer: With clear water and mild soap if necessary. What fire hose can be stored right away without needing to dry first? - Answer: Hard-rubber booster hose, hard intake hose, and synthetic-jacket collapsible hose. Whats the difference between a hose appliance and a hose tool? - Answer: Water flows through appliances not through tools. What are some common hose appliances? - Answer: Valves, Valve devices, fittings, and intake strainer. What are the different type of valves? - Answer: 1. Ball valves 2. Gate Valves 3. Butterfly valves 4. Clapper valves What hose appliance divides one hose line into two? - Answer: Gated Wye Whats the common diameter of a gated wye? - Answer: one 2 1/2 inch inlet and two 1 1/2 inch outlets. What type of valve configuration does the gated wye use? - Answer: Ball valve What hose appliance connects two hoses into one? - Answer: Siamese. What type of valve configuration does the siamese use? - Answer: Clapper valve How many degrees are butterfly valves? - Answer: Usually 90 degrees What hose appliance has one LDH inlet and outlet with two or more male outlets? - Answer: A water thief What hose appliance has one LDH inlet but with three male 2 1/2 inch outlets? - Answer: Larger Diameter Hose appliances What are other names for Larger Diameter Hose Appliances? - Answer: Portable Hydrants, manifold, phantom pumpers, or larger diameter distributors. What are the different type of fittings? - Answer: 1. Adapters 2. Reducers 3. Elbows 4. Hose Caps- Male couplings 5. Hose plugs- Female couplings What are the three type of intake strainers? - Answer: 1. Barrel strainers 2. Low level strainers 3. Floating strainers What are some common hose tools? - Answer: 1. Hose roller 2. Hose jacket 3. Hose clamp 4. Spanner wrench and hydrant wrench 5. Rubber mallet 6. Hose bridge or ramp 7. Chafing block 8. Hose strap, hose rope, hose chain 9. LDH roller for loading What are the three types of hose clamps? - Answer: screw down, press down, and hydraulic press. How many feet away from the apparatus do you apply a hose clamp? - Answer: 20 feet How many feet away from the couplings or nozzle do you apply a clamp? - Answer: 5 feet Where do you stand when applying a hose clamp? - Answer: On the supply side or apparatus/pump side. What are the three common hose rolls? - Answer: 1. Straight rolls 2. Donut roll 3. Twin Donut roll How do you roll a straight hose that is good for service? - Answer: Storage roll /How do you roll a straight hose that is bad? - Answer: Salvage roll What are some advantages of a donut roll? - Answer: 1. Firefighters have control of both couplings 2. Hose rolls out easier 3. Allows for faster connection between other hoses Twin donut rolls works best on what diameter size hose? - Answer: 1 1/2 inch and 1 3/4 inch hose. What are the two type of hose loads? - Answer: 1. Flat loads 2. Accordion load What hose load is the easiest to load, its suitable for any size of supply hose, and the best to load LDHs? - Answer: Flat load What load allows firefighters to carry a portion of the hose on their shoulder? - Answer: Accordion loads How many feet do pre-connected lines usually range from? - Answer: 50 to 250 feet What are the three type of loads for attack lines? - Answer: 1. Pre Connected 2. Triple Layer Load 3. Minuteman Load What agent has the greatest absorbing capacity? - Answer: Water How do water primarily extinguish fire? - Answer: By cooling When water is applied to a fire, how many times does a single drop of water expand? - Answer: 1700 times its original volume. How can friction loss be caused? - Answer: 1. Damaged hose couplings 2. Sharp bends or kinks in hose 3. Number of adapters 4. Length of hose lay 5. Hose diameter 6. Nozzles and valves not kept fully open or closed Whats a fire stream? - Answer: A stream of water or other extinguishing agent after it leaves the fire hose and nozzle until it reaches the desired target. How can fire stream patterns be identified? - Answer: By their size and type What are the four essential elements of a fire stream? - Answer: 1. Pump or Apparatus 2. Hose 3. Nozzle 4. Water or Agent What are the three fire stream classifications? - Answer: 1. Low volume stream 2. Hand line streams 3. Master streams Whats a Low volume stream? - Answer: A discharge less than 40 GPM and are supplied by 3/4, or 1 or, 1 1/2 inch booster lines Whats a hand lines stream? - Answer: Supplied by 1 1/2 to 2 inch hose and it flows from 40 to 350 GPM Whats a master stream? - Answer: Discharges more than 350 GMP and its fed by one or more 2 1/2 or 3 inch hose or LDH, thats connected to the master stream nozzle What are the major types of fire stream patterns? - Answer: 1. Solid 2. Fog 3. Broken How are solid streams produced? - Answer: By smooth bore nozzles Whats the operating PSI of a solid stream? - Answer: on a nozzle its 50 psi for a hand line and 80 PSI for master streams. What PSI are fog nozzles designed to operate at? - Answer: 100 PSI Describe a broken stream. - Answer: its a stream that has been broken into coarsely divided droplets by specialized nozzle such a cellar nozzle, rotary nozzles, piercing (penetrating) nozzle, and chimney nozzle. What stream absorbs the most heat? - Answer: Broken stream When are firefighters required to wear hearing protection? - Answer: When noise levels exceeds 90 decibels. When are firefighters allowed to ride outside a fire apparatus? - Answer: Never What are the two types of communications of a fire department? - Answer: External and internal Whats external communication ? - Answer: Its communication from the public for emergencies and nonemergency assistance Whats internal communication? - Answer: Its internal communication between units and individuals during emergency operations and are primarily used by radios. Whats TDD? - Answer: Telecommunication Devices for the Deaf Besides telephones, what other two devices can be used to communicate with emergency services? - Answer: Two way radios and Telephone fire alarm boxes What information should be recorded when taking nonemergency messages? - Answer: 1. Date 2. Time 3. Name of caller 4. Callback number 5. Message 6. Your name When receiving emergency calls, what information should be recorded? - Answer: 1. Type of emergency 2. Location of the emergency 3. Number and location of the people involved 4. Name and location of the caller 5. Caller's callback numer 6. The cross street or building name How can alarm notifications be? - Answer: 1. Visual 2. Audible 3. Electric Whats some basic information that may be broadcast to the fire department? - Answer: 1. Units assigned to respond 2. Type of emergency 3. Adress or location 4. Dispatch time 5. Current conditions (wind or road closures) How can the radio used in the fire service be classified? - Answer: By their location and size; Fixed, mobile, or portable, and by the type of signals used be it analog or digital Whats the largest radio? - Answer: Base station radio How are mobile radios powered? - Answer: By vehicle electrical system Who regulates all radio communication in the United States? - Answer: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) What type of communication has be eliminated from the emergency response agencies? - Answer: Ten-codes How do you communicate over the radio? - Answer: With clear text to reduce confusion. What are the two basic rules to control communications? - Answer: 1. Units and individuals must identify themselves in every transmission 2. The receiver should acknowledge every message from the sender Whats the order to cease interior operations? - Answer: 1. Withdrawal 2. Abandon 3. Evacuate How should all auxiliary equipment be? - Answer: Waterproof, intrinsically safe, and powered by the correct amount of electricity. Whats the conversion from vehicles 12 to 24 volt Direct Current (DC) to Volt Alternating Current (AC)? - Answer: its 110 or 220 Volts All double insulated tools should have how many prong plugs? - Answer: 3 All outlets should be equipped with what? - Answer: Ground fault circuit interrupts to avoid serious electrical shock. Whats the most common form of power source used by emergency service personnel? - Answer: Generators How can generators be? - Answer: Portable or mounted Portable generators are powered by what? - Answer: Gasoline or diesel What are the volt capacities of a portable generator? - Answer: 110 and or 220. How are vehicle mounted generators powered? - Answer: Gasoline, diesel, and propane gas engines or hydraulic or power take off (PTO) systems. What type of generator produces the most power? - Answer: Vehicle mounted What are the two categories of lighting equipment? - Answer: Portable and fixed Whats the watt range of portable lights? - Answer: 300 to 1000 watts Whats the watt range of fixed lights? - Answer: 500 to 1500 watts per light What NFPA regulates electrical safety ? - Answer: NFPA 70E What electrical tool provides multiple outlets or connections and are supplied through one inlet from the power source? - Answer: Junction boxes Whats the order to cease interior operations? - Answer: 1. Withdrawal 2. Abandon 3. Evacuate Whats the order to cease interior operations? - Answer: 1. Withdrawal Whats the order to cease interior operations? - Answer: What stream absorbs the most heat? - Answer: Broken stream How do you minimize risk when responding to fire emergencies? - Answer: 1. Follow your supervisors orders 2. Wear appropriate PPE 3. Work as a team 4. Follow departments SOP 5. Maintain communications with team members and command 6. Complete a risk/benefit analysis for every action When advancing hose into a structure or operating on the fire ground all firefighters should watch for? - Answer: 1. Flashover or backdraft conditions 2. Imminent building collapse 3. Fire behind, below, or above 4. Kinks or obstruction to the hose line 5. Suspended loads on fire or weekend supports 6. hazardous or highly flammable products likely to spill 7. Electrical shock hazards What department requires that all personnel working on roadways to wear high-visibility vests? - Answer: The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) What is used to form a protective barrier between oncoming traffic and working personnel? - Answer: Emergency vehicles How are fire apparatus parked at an emergency scene? - Answer: At an angel with the front wheels turned away from the scene. Whose responsibility is it to watch for possible building collapse, hazardous materials, and electrical hazards on the emergency scene? - Answer: Every firefighters Who does crowd control? - Answer: Law enforcement and sometimes firefighters What are the three control zones? - Answer: 1. Hot 2. Warm 3. Cold Are control areas cordoned off? - Answer: With rope, fire line, or caution tape. What are some other zone boundaries that need to be taken into consideration? - Answer: Amount of room needed to work, degree of hazard, wind weather, and topography. What are three accountability systems in the fire service? - Answer: 1. SCBA tage system 2. Passport systems 3. Computer based electronic system Who do you report to when conducting accountability? - Answer: Accounting Officer (AO) or Incident Commander (IC) How long does it take to extinguish a structure fire? - Answer: a few minutes to several hours Who decides how to control the fire? - Answer: The IC What are the three priorities based on? - Answer: 1. Life safety 2. Incident stabilization 3. Property conservation What are the two strategies when trying to control a fire? - Answer: 1. Offensvie 2. Defensive Whats the Offensive objective? - Answer: To rescue and/or fire extinguishment may be the objective for an offensive strategy. Whats the Defensive objective? - Answer: Is generally an exterior operation that is chosen because an interior attack is unsafe or resources are insufficient. How should fire attack during interior operations be coordinated? - Answer: With forcible entry, search and rescue operations, ventilation, and control of utilities. How do you approach and attack a fire? - Answer: From the unburned side. Whats the percentage of area that's needed to cover a window when performing hydraulic ventilation? - Answer: 80-90% Whats the minimum hose line diameter needed for fire operations? - Answer: 1 1/2 inch What are some factors that need to be consider when selecting a hose line? - Answer: 1. Fire load 2. Volume of water needed 3. Reach needed 4. Personnel available 5. Speed and mobility requirements 6. Tactical requirements 7. Ease of hose deployment 8. Potential fire spread Whats the fire stream pattern when there's ventilation provided? and when's there's not? - Answer: 1. With ventilation select a narrow fog pattern 2. Without ventilation select a straight stream What are the three critical function preforms for the back-up line? - Answer: 1. Protecting the attacking hose line from extreme fire behavior 2. Protects the means of egress 3. Provides additional fire suppression capabilities in the event that the fire increase in size How should the back-up lines be compared to the attack hose? - Answer: The same size and length and also provide the same fire flow. What are the three methods of attacking the fire? - Answer: Direct, Indirect, and combination What are the two methods when applying water DIRECTLY onto the burning fuels? - Answer: Penciling and Painting Whats penciling? - Answer: utilizing a shot burst with either a solid or straight stream aimed onto the burning fuels (Short Burst) Whats Painting? - Answer: Utilizing a constant flow to cool hot surfaces or stop the pyrolysis process by applying water and allowing it to run over the hot material (Constant Flow) How is Indirect Attack used? - Answer: Its used by making an attack through a window or opening, directing the stream toward the ceiling to cool the room. What kind of fog stream is used in an Indirect Attack? - Answer: Narrow or Straight stream Whats a combination attack? - Answer: Its an attack that combines the effects of an indirect attack, cooling the hot gaseous layer at the ceiling level, with a direct attack on the burning fuels. Whats a combination attack example? - Answer: Using penciling and painting. When fighting a fire in a multicolor structure where do you connect a hose to save time from laying an excessive amount of hose? - Answer: in standpipe system Where do you initiate to attack a fire in a multi-floor structure? - Answer: The floor below the fire On what floor should the staging area be on a multi-floor structure? - Answer: Two floors below the fire floor What are some of the most dangerous and difficult structure fires that firefighters may encounter? - Answer: Basement or subfloors fires What fog pattern may be used to descend the stairwell to provide crew protection? - Answer: A wide-angle fog pattern What type of nozzle may be used to reduce the risk of entering the below grade room fire? - Answer: a Cellar nozzle How do you protect exposures by directly applying water on to the exposure surface? - Answer: By creating a film of water What should you avoid doing when trying to protect exposures? - Answer: Using water curtains. Whats the flammability range of Compress Natural Gas (CNG)? - Answer: 5 to 15 percent. Its also the purest form in methane. Whats added to natural gas to help indicate its presence? - Answer: Mercaptan How can natural gas be stored and shipped? - Answer: it can be stored and shipped as CNG and Liquid natural Gas (LNG) What gas is stored in a liquid state under pressure? - Answer: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Whats the explosive concentration of LPG? - Answer: 1.5 and 10 percent What gas is heavier than air? and lighter than air? - Answer: LPG is about 1.5 times heavier than air and CNG is lighter than air. How should power be turned off? - Answer: at the main panel only. What should be done to power lines? - Answer: They should never be cut. Whats one rule when dealing with electrical hazards? - Answer: to assume that all electrical components are energized If water is needed to combat a Class C fire, what's the PSI that the water needs to be at? - Answer: 100 PSI with a fog pattern nozzle When fighting a trash or container fires, what may be a hazard? - Answer: 1. Hazardous materials or plastics that emit highly toxic smoke and gases 2. Aerosol cans and batteries that may explode when exposed to heat 3. Biological waste in marked and unmarked containers What size diameter hose are required when fighting a large pile or container? - Answer: 1 1/2 inch What agent may be used to penetrate into burning material found in a trash or container fires? - Answer: Class A foam Whats the goal of a large pile fire? - Answer: to confine the fire to the pile What are some of the most common type of fires in the fire service field? - Answer: Small passenger vehicle fires What are the three types of vehicle fires? - Answer: 1. Commercial vehicles 2. Vehicles carrying hazardous materials 3. Passenger vehicles What are the three categories in a passenger vehicle fire? - Answer: 1. Engine compartment 2. Passenger compartment to include trunk 3. Undercarriage When fighting a vehicle fire how do you approach it? - Answer: If possible from upwind and uphill. Whats the minimum size diameter hose needed to combat a vehicle fire? - Answer: 1 1/2 inch What are some basic procedures for attacking a fire in a vehicle? - Answer: 1. Protect exposures 2. Attack the fire from a 45 degree angle 3. Extinguish any fire near the vehicle occupants first 4. Announce "ALL CLEAR" when all occupants are out of the vehicle 5. Extinguish any ground and undercarriage fire 6. Extinguish any remaining fire in and around the vehicle What are the three different methods used for fires in the undercarriage? - Answer: 1. Use a straight stream from a distance to reach under the vehicle 2. If the vehicle is on a hard surface such as concrete or asphalt, direct a straight stream downward and allow the water to deflect up toward the underside of the vehicle 3. Open the hood and direct the stream through the engine compartment What should be done to the fires before opening the hood? - Answer: Control or knock down prior to opening. What do you check for once the fire has been extinguished? - Answer: 1. Fire extension 2. Hidden fires 3. Disconnect the battery 4. Secure air bags (SRS) Supplemental Restraint System or Side-Impact Protection Systems (SIPS) 5. Cool fuel tanks and any intact sealed components Where can CNG/LNG tanks be located in a passenger vehicle? - Answer: In the trunk Whats BLEVE? - Answer: Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion What cables do you NOT cut in a hybrid/electric vehicle? - Answer: Blue, Orange, and Yellow (BOY) What other possible hazards can a vehicle have? - Answer: 1. Explosives 2. Hazardous materials 3. Munitions and projectiles 4. Seal components What are the three types of ground cover fires? - Answer: 1. Ground 2. Surface 3. Crown fires Whats another name for Ground Fires? - Answer: Subsurface Whats another name for surface fires? - Answer: Surface Whats another name for Crown Fires? - Answer: Aerial Whats a ground fire? - Answer: Are fires that burn in the layer of dead organic matter that lies under the surface in forested areas. Whats a surface fire? - Answer: Its a fire that burns on the surface or a crawling fire that's the most common type ground cover fire. It also burns on the top of the soil consuming low-lying grass, shrubs, and other vegetation. How can surface fires occur? - Answer: Natural or human causes. Where can surface fires occur? - Answer: Anywhere Whats a crown fire? - Answer: Crown fires are wind-driven, high-intensity that move through the tree tops of heavily forested areas. How do crown fires occur? - Answer: Typically by lighting strikes OR extensions from ground or surface fires. What are the three categories of fuels? - Answer: 1. Subsurface fuels 2. Surface fuels 3. Aerial fuels What makes up Subsurface fuels? - Answer: Roots, peat, and any other partially decomposed organic matter that lies under the surface of the ground What makes surface fuels? - Answer: Needles, duff, twigs, grass, brush UP TO 6 FEET, downed limbs, logging slash, small trees on or immediately adjacent to the ground. Whats the height of a surface fire? - Answer: UP TO 6 FEET What makes aerial fuels? - Answer: Any fuel that is above 6 feet. Whats the height of an aerial fire? - Answer: Brush OVER 6 FEET Whats another name for Aerial fuels? - Answer: Upright fuels What factors affect the burning characteristics of ground cover fuels? - Answer: 1. Fuel size 2. Compactness 3. Continuity 4. Volume 5. Fuel moist What are some weather factors that might influence fire behavior? - Answer: 1. Wind 2. Temperature 3. Relative Humidity 4. Precipitation What affects both the rate and direction of a ground cover fires spread? - Answer: The steepness of a slope Where will fires spread faster, uphill or downhill? - Answer: Uphill What are some topographical factors? - Answer: 1. Slope aspect 2. Lock Terrain Features -large Rock formations 3. Drainage What mountains receive the most sunlight in North America? - Answer: The southern mountains What mountains burn the fastest in North America? - Answer: The southern mountains Whats drainage? - Answer: Steep ravines create turbulent updrafts causing a chimney effect. Very dangerous and unpredictable. What are the parts of a ground cover fire? - Answer: 1. Origin 2. Head 3. Heel 4. Finger 5. Perimeter 6. Spot fires 7. Islands 8. Flanks 9. Green 10. Black Every ground cover fire contains AT LEAST how many parts? - Answer: 7 What part of the fire can create new heads? - Answer: Finger What part of the fire creates the most damage? - Answer: Head What part of the fire can be easily controlled? - Answer: The heel What part of the fire can create new fingers? - Answer: The flanks What part of the fire can create a new head WHEN there's a shift in wind direction? - Answer: Flanks Why are spot fires dangerous? - Answer: Because they can create a new head and continue to grow in size. What part of the fire can be relatively safe? - Answer: The black What NFPA covers the PPE of Wildland Fire Fighting? - Answer: NFPA 1977, Standards on Protective Clothing and Equipment for Wildland Fire Fighting Whats the minimum PPE for a Wildland Fire Fighter? - Answer: 1. Helmet with eye protection and neck shroud 2. Flame retardant shirt with pants- One piece jumpsuit 3. Protective footwear, sturdy boots without steel toes 4. Gloves 5. Fire shelter How do you fight a wildland fire? - Answer: By creating a control line. What information is included in the Size-up of a ground fire? - Answer: 1. Fire location 2. Fire type 3. Incident access 4. Exposures 5. Weather conditions 6. Wind direction 7. Wind velocity 8. Topography 9. Visibility 10. Resources How can situational awareness be more effective in the wildland fire? - Answer: By using LCES. Look-out, Communications, Escape route, and safety zones What are the ten fire fighting orders? for wildland side. - Answer: 1. Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecast 2. know what the fire is doing at all times 3. Base all actions on current and expected behavior of the fire 4. Identify escape routs and safety zones, and make them known 5. Post lookouts when there is possible danger 6. Be alert, keep calm, think clearly, and act decisively 7. Maintain prompt communications with your forces, your supervisor, and adjoining forces. 8. Give clear instructions and ensure that they are understood 9. Maintain control of forces at all times 10. Fight fire aggressively, providing for safety first What are other fire hazards that may be encountered during ground cover fire operations? - Answer: 1. Unstable trees 2. Animals 3. Insects 4. Electrified fences 5. Animal traps Whats loss control? - Answer: Its a term used in the fire service to describe the activities performed before, during, and after a fire has been extinguished to minimize loss of property. Quality loss control practices are a sign of what? - Answer: Professionalism and exhibit the good customer service. What does property applied loss control activities include? - Answer: 1. Minimizing damage to the structure, exposures, and content 2. Eliminating the chance that a fire will reignite in the structure 3. Reducing the amount of time needed to repair and reopen the business 4. Reducing the stress on the owner/occupants of the structure 5. Creating good will for the fire Department within the community 6. Minimizing financial loss for the owner, occupant, insurance company, and the community What are the two types of damage that result from a structure fire? - Answer: 1. Primary damage 2. Secondary damage Whats the difference between Primary damage and Secondary damage? - Answer: Primary damage is caused by fire and smoke, and secondary damage is caused by fire suppression activities. Whats also consider a secondary damage? - Answer: Damages caused by weather and vandalism Whats one of the most important responsibilities in the fire Departments objective in property conservation? - Answer: Salvage What fire operation helps build goodwill within the community? - Answer: Salvage operation When can salvage operations begin? - Answer: As soon as there's enough personnel on scene Where do you gather items during a salvage operation? - Answer: In the center of the room covered with a salvage tarp. What are salvage covers made of? - Answer: Waterproof canvas, synthetic material (vinyl) or disposable plastic covers. They are manufactures in various sizes. Who can close sprinkler control valves? - Answer: Fire officers Where do fire apparatus connect too outside the building? - Answer: The Fire Department Connection (FDC) What tools do automatic sprinkler kits include? - Answer: Tongs or wedges What are the 4 types of inducing control valves? - Answer: 1. Outside Stem and Yoke (OS&Y) valve. 2. Post indicator valve (PIV) 3. Wall post indicator valve (WPIV) 4. Post indicator Valve Assembly (PIVA) Overhaul activities include: - Answer: 1. Search for and extinguishing hidden or remaining fire. 2. Placing the building and its content in a safe condition 3. Determining the cause of the fire 4. Recognizing and preserving evidence of arson Who determines when overhaul operations begin? - Answer: the IC and the individual responsible for the fire investigation. Whats the first step of overhaul operation? - Answer: To determine the condition of the building What are some things to consider for safety when performing an overhaul operation? - Answer: 1. Inspect the premises 2. Developing an operation plan 3. Providing needed tools and equipment 4. Eliminating or mitigating hazards to include utilities 5. Monitor the atmosphere for toxic gas levels before removing SCBA. What are some indicators of possible loss of structure integrity? - Answer: 1. Weekend floors due to floor joists being burned away 2. Concrete that has spalled due to heat 3. Weakened steel roof members 4. Walls offset because of elongation of steel roof supports 5. Weakened roof trusses due to burn through of key members 6. Mortar in wall joints opened due to excessive heat 7. Wall ties holding veneer/curtain walls melted from heat 8. Heavy storage in mezzanines, suspended loads from the ceiling or upper floors How can firefighters detect hidden fires? - Answer: Sight, touch, sound, and electronic sensors. What are signs of hidden fires by using sight? - Answer: 1. Discoloration of materials 2. Peeling paint 3. Smoke emissions from cracks 4. Cracked plaster 5. Ripped wallpaper 6. Burned areas What agent can help penetrate and extinguish hidden fires? - Answer: Class A foam What are some tools used during overhaul operations? - Answer: 1. Axes 2. Pike Poles 3. Power saws, drills, screwdriver 4.Shovels, carryalls, buckets, and tubs Where do you stand when pulling down materials during an overhaul operation? - Answer: Stand on the side where the EGRESS route is on. Whats the difference between Area of Origin and Point of Origin? - Answer: Area of Origin is a general location where the fire started. Point of Origin is the exact location where the fire started. Control of all evidence must be maintained as part of the ___ required in legal cases. A. area of origin B. chain of custody C. fire investigation D. collection of evidence - Answer: Chain of Custody If you become part of the Chain of Custody, what information is important to remember? - Answer: What you see, smell, and hear during the incident How do you search for the Area of Origin? - Answer: start from the outside of the structure or from the unburned portion of the interior. How should operations be made? for Preliminary Scene Assessment and Exterior Examination. - Answer: 1. Building damage 2. Fire and ventilation patterns around windows and doors and under the rood eaves. 3. Means of ingress and egress 4. Utility services including natural gas meters, electrical meters and connections, and telephones and cable television connections. 5. Tire tracks or footprints 6. Discarded containers 7. Indications of forcible entry around doors and windows. During interior examination, what are some indicators on how the fire spreader? - Answer: 1. Fire patterns 2. Melted metal and glass 3. Degree of damage to structure and contents What part of the structure may have the most severe damage during the fire? - Answer: The ceiling or roof. What are the 4 types of fire causes classifications? - Answer: 1. Accidental 2. Natural 3. Incendiary 4. Undetermined Whose responsibility is it to preserve evidence on the scene? - Answer: All firefighters Whats the first objective of restoring a building after a fire? - Answer: Making the building safe What are the duties of the firefighters left at the scene for fire and security surveillance? - Answer: 1. Maintain a security by preserving the fire scene, chain of custody and keep unauthorized persons out 2. Look for fires and report rekindles 3. Report observations to the communications center. What are some appliances that could cause a fire to start in the kitchen? - Answer: 1. Oven 2. Cook top 3. Electrical appliances 4. Electrical wiring 5. Electrical receptacles 6. Open fires Overhaul activities include: - Correct Ans: