WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
j j j j
Questions and Answers Latest Updated
j j j j j
2024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
j j j j j
. j
j
j
WhatjisjStarling'sjLawjofjCapillaryjforces?jj
Howjdoesjthisjexplainjwhyjajnutritionallyjdeficientjchildjwouldjhavejedema?j-
j ✅✅Starling'sjLawjdescribesjhowjfluidsjmovejacrossjthejcapillaryjmembrane.jTherejarejtwojmajorjoppo
singjforcesjthatjactjtojbalancejeachjother,jhydrostaticjpressurej(pushingjwaterjoutjofjthejcapillaries)jandjo
smoticjpressurej(includingjonconticjpressure,jwhichjpushesjfluidjintojthejcapillaries).jj
j
Bothjelectrolytesjandjproteinsj(onconticjpressure)jinjthejbloodjaffectjosmoticjpressure,jhighjelectrolyteja
ndjproteinjconcentrationsjinjthejbloodjwouldjcausejwaterjtojleavejthejcellsjandjinterstitialjspacejandjente
rjthejbloodjstreamjtojdilutejthejhighjconcentrations.jj
j
On,jthejotherjhand,jlowjelectrolytejandjproteinjconcentrationsj(asjseenjinjajnutritionallyjdeficientjchild)jw
ouldjcausejwaterjtojleavejthejcapillariesjandjenterjthejcellsjandjinterstitialjfluidjwhichjcanjleadjtojedema.j
j
HowjdoesjthejRAASj(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronejSystem)jresultjinjincreasedjbloodjvolumejandjincreasedjbloodjpressure?j-
j ✅✅Ajdropjinjbloodjpressurejisjsensedjbyjthejkidneysjbyjlowjperfusion,jwhichjinjturnjbeginsjtojsecretejr
enin.jj
,WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
j j j j
Questions and Answers Latest Updated
j j j j j
2024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
j j j j j
. j
j
j
Reninjthenjtriggersjthejliverjtojproducejangiotensinogen,jwhichjisjconvertedjtojAngiotensinjIjinjthejlungsja
ndjthenjangiotensinjIIjbyjthejenzymejj
j
Angiotensin-
convertingjenzymej(ACE).jAngiotensinjIIjstimulatesjperipheraljarterialjvasoconstrictionjwhichjraisesjBP.jj
j
AngiotensinjIIjisjalsojstimulatingjthejadrenaljglandjtojreleasejaldosterone,jwhichjactsjtojincreasejsodiumja
ndjwaterjreabsorptionjincreasingjbloodjvolume,jwhilejalsojincreasedjpotassiumjsecretionjinjurine.j
j
Howjcanjhyperkalemiajleadjtojcardiacjarrest?j-j✅✅Normaljlevelsjofjpotassiumjarejbetweenj3.5jandj
5.2jmEq/dL.jHyperkalemiajrefersjtojpotassiumjlevelsjhigherjthatj5.2jmEq/dL.jj
j
Ajmajorjfunctionjofjpotassiumjisjtojconductjnervejimpulsesjinjmuscles.jToojlowjandjmusclejweaknessjoccu
rsjandjtoojmuchjcanjcausejmusclejspasms.jj
j
Thisjisjespeciallyjdangerousjinjthejheartjmusclejandjanjirregularjheartbeatjcanjcausejajheartjattackj
,WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
j j j j
Questions and Answers Latest Updated
j j j j j
2024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
j j j j j
. j
j
j
ThejbodyjusesjthejProteinjBufferingjSystem,jPhosphatejBufferingjSystem,jandjCarbonicjAcidBicarbonatejS
ystemjtojregulatejandjmaintainjhomeostaticjpH,jwhatjisjthejconsequencejofjajpHjimbalancej-
j ✅✅ProteinsjcontainjmanyjacidicjandjbasicjgroupjthatjcanjbejaffectedjbyjpHjchanges.jAnyjincreasejorjd
ecreasejinjbloodjpHjcanjalterjthejstructurejofjthejproteinj(denature),jtherebyjaffectingjitsjfunctionjasjwellj
j
Describejthejlaboratoryjfindingsjassociatedjwithjmetabolicjacidosis,jmetabolicjalkalosis,jrespiratoryjacido
sisjandjrespiratoryjalkalosis.j(iejrelativejpHjandjCO2jlevels).j-j✅✅NormaljABGsj(ArterialjBloodj
Gases)jBloodjpH:j7.35-7.45jPCO2:j35-45jmmjHgjPO2:j90-100jmmjHgjHCO3-:j22-26jmEq/LjSaO2:j95100%jj
j
RespiratoryjacidosisjandjalkalosisjarejmarkedjbyjchangesjinjPCO2.jHigherj=jacidosisjandjlowerj=jalkalosisjj
j
MetabolicjacidosisjandjalkalosisjarejcausedjbyjsomethingjotherjthanjabnormaljCO2jlevels.jThisjcouldjinclu
dejtoxicity,jdiabetes,jrenaljfailurejorjexcessivejGIjlosses.jj
j
2024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
j j j j j
. j
j
, WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
j j j j
Questions and Answers Latest Updated
j j j j j
Herejarejthejrulesjtojfollowjtojdeterminejifjisjrespiratoryjorjmetabolicjinjnature.j-
IfjpHjandjPCO2jarejmovingjinjoppositejdirections,jthenjitjisjthejpCO2jlevelsjthatjarejcausingjthejimbalancej
andjitjisjrespiratoryjinjnature.jj
j
-IfjPCO2jisjnormaljorjisjmovingjinjthejsamejdirectionjasjthejpH,jthenjthejimbalancejisjmetabolicjinjnature.j
j
Thejanionjgapjisjthejdifferencejbetweenjmeasuredjcationsj(Na+jandjK+)jandjmeasuredjanionsj(Cl-
j andjHCO3-),jthisjcalculationjcanjbejusefuljinjdeterminingjthejcausejofjmetabolicjacidosis.jj
j
Whyjwouldjanjincreasedjanionjgapjbejobservedjinjdiabeticjketoacidosisjorjlacticjacidosis?j-
j ✅✅Thejanionjgapjisjthejcalculationjofjunmeasuredjanionsjinjthejblood.jj
j
Lacticjacidjandjketonesjbothjleadjtojthejproductionjofjunmeasuredjanions,jwhichjremovejHCO3-
j (ajmeasuredjanion)jduejtojbufferingjofjthejexcessjH+jandjthereforejleadsjtojanjincreasejinjthejAG.j
j
2024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
j j j j j
. j
j
Whyjisjitjimportantjtojmaintainjajhomeostaticjbalancejofjglucosejinjthejbloodj(iejdescribejthejpathogenesi
sjofjdiabetes)?j-
j ✅✅Insulinjisjthejhormonejresponsiblejforjinitiatingjthejuptakejofjglucosejbyjthejcells.jCellsjusejglucosej
tojproducejenergyj(ATP).jj
j
j j j j
Questions and Answers Latest Updated
j j j j j
2024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
j j j j j
. j
j
j
WhatjisjStarling'sjLawjofjCapillaryjforces?jj
Howjdoesjthisjexplainjwhyjajnutritionallyjdeficientjchildjwouldjhavejedema?j-
j ✅✅Starling'sjLawjdescribesjhowjfluidsjmovejacrossjthejcapillaryjmembrane.jTherejarejtwojmajorjoppo
singjforcesjthatjactjtojbalancejeachjother,jhydrostaticjpressurej(pushingjwaterjoutjofjthejcapillaries)jandjo
smoticjpressurej(includingjonconticjpressure,jwhichjpushesjfluidjintojthejcapillaries).jj
j
Bothjelectrolytesjandjproteinsj(onconticjpressure)jinjthejbloodjaffectjosmoticjpressure,jhighjelectrolyteja
ndjproteinjconcentrationsjinjthejbloodjwouldjcausejwaterjtojleavejthejcellsjandjinterstitialjspacejandjente
rjthejbloodjstreamjtojdilutejthejhighjconcentrations.jj
j
On,jthejotherjhand,jlowjelectrolytejandjproteinjconcentrationsj(asjseenjinjajnutritionallyjdeficientjchild)jw
ouldjcausejwaterjtojleavejthejcapillariesjandjenterjthejcellsjandjinterstitialjfluidjwhichjcanjleadjtojedema.j
j
HowjdoesjthejRAASj(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronejSystem)jresultjinjincreasedjbloodjvolumejandjincreasedjbloodjpressure?j-
j ✅✅Ajdropjinjbloodjpressurejisjsensedjbyjthejkidneysjbyjlowjperfusion,jwhichjinjturnjbeginsjtojsecretejr
enin.jj
,WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
j j j j
Questions and Answers Latest Updated
j j j j j
2024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
j j j j j
. j
j
j
Reninjthenjtriggersjthejliverjtojproducejangiotensinogen,jwhichjisjconvertedjtojAngiotensinjIjinjthejlungsja
ndjthenjangiotensinjIIjbyjthejenzymejj
j
Angiotensin-
convertingjenzymej(ACE).jAngiotensinjIIjstimulatesjperipheraljarterialjvasoconstrictionjwhichjraisesjBP.jj
j
AngiotensinjIIjisjalsojstimulatingjthejadrenaljglandjtojreleasejaldosterone,jwhichjactsjtojincreasejsodiumja
ndjwaterjreabsorptionjincreasingjbloodjvolume,jwhilejalsojincreasedjpotassiumjsecretionjinjurine.j
j
Howjcanjhyperkalemiajleadjtojcardiacjarrest?j-j✅✅Normaljlevelsjofjpotassiumjarejbetweenj3.5jandj
5.2jmEq/dL.jHyperkalemiajrefersjtojpotassiumjlevelsjhigherjthatj5.2jmEq/dL.jj
j
Ajmajorjfunctionjofjpotassiumjisjtojconductjnervejimpulsesjinjmuscles.jToojlowjandjmusclejweaknessjoccu
rsjandjtoojmuchjcanjcausejmusclejspasms.jj
j
Thisjisjespeciallyjdangerousjinjthejheartjmusclejandjanjirregularjheartbeatjcanjcausejajheartjattackj
,WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
j j j j
Questions and Answers Latest Updated
j j j j j
2024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
j j j j j
. j
j
j
ThejbodyjusesjthejProteinjBufferingjSystem,jPhosphatejBufferingjSystem,jandjCarbonicjAcidBicarbonatejS
ystemjtojregulatejandjmaintainjhomeostaticjpH,jwhatjisjthejconsequencejofjajpHjimbalancej-
j ✅✅ProteinsjcontainjmanyjacidicjandjbasicjgroupjthatjcanjbejaffectedjbyjpHjchanges.jAnyjincreasejorjd
ecreasejinjbloodjpHjcanjalterjthejstructurejofjthejproteinj(denature),jtherebyjaffectingjitsjfunctionjasjwellj
j
Describejthejlaboratoryjfindingsjassociatedjwithjmetabolicjacidosis,jmetabolicjalkalosis,jrespiratoryjacido
sisjandjrespiratoryjalkalosis.j(iejrelativejpHjandjCO2jlevels).j-j✅✅NormaljABGsj(ArterialjBloodj
Gases)jBloodjpH:j7.35-7.45jPCO2:j35-45jmmjHgjPO2:j90-100jmmjHgjHCO3-:j22-26jmEq/LjSaO2:j95100%jj
j
RespiratoryjacidosisjandjalkalosisjarejmarkedjbyjchangesjinjPCO2.jHigherj=jacidosisjandjlowerj=jalkalosisjj
j
MetabolicjacidosisjandjalkalosisjarejcausedjbyjsomethingjotherjthanjabnormaljCO2jlevels.jThisjcouldjinclu
dejtoxicity,jdiabetes,jrenaljfailurejorjexcessivejGIjlosses.jj
j
2024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
j j j j j
. j
j
, WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
j j j j
Questions and Answers Latest Updated
j j j j j
Herejarejthejrulesjtojfollowjtojdeterminejifjisjrespiratoryjorjmetabolicjinjnature.j-
IfjpHjandjPCO2jarejmovingjinjoppositejdirections,jthenjitjisjthejpCO2jlevelsjthatjarejcausingjthejimbalancej
andjitjisjrespiratoryjinjnature.jj
j
-IfjPCO2jisjnormaljorjisjmovingjinjthejsamejdirectionjasjthejpH,jthenjthejimbalancejisjmetabolicjinjnature.j
j
Thejanionjgapjisjthejdifferencejbetweenjmeasuredjcationsj(Na+jandjK+)jandjmeasuredjanionsj(Cl-
j andjHCO3-),jthisjcalculationjcanjbejusefuljinjdeterminingjthejcausejofjmetabolicjacidosis.jj
j
Whyjwouldjanjincreasedjanionjgapjbejobservedjinjdiabeticjketoacidosisjorjlacticjacidosis?j-
j ✅✅Thejanionjgapjisjthejcalculationjofjunmeasuredjanionsjinjthejblood.jj
j
Lacticjacidjandjketonesjbothjleadjtojthejproductionjofjunmeasuredjanions,jwhichjremovejHCO3-
j (ajmeasuredjanion)jduejtojbufferingjofjthejexcessjH+jandjthereforejleadsjtojanjincreasejinjthejAG.j
j
2024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
j j j j j
. j
j
Whyjisjitjimportantjtojmaintainjajhomeostaticjbalancejofjglucosejinjthejbloodj(iejdescribejthejpathogenesi
sjofjdiabetes)?j-
j ✅✅Insulinjisjthejhormonejresponsiblejforjinitiatingjthejuptakejofjglucosejbyjthejcells.jCellsjusejglucosej
tojproducejenergyj(ATP).jj
j