Test Bank For A Concise Introduction to Logic 14th Edition by Patrick J. Hurley Chapter 1-14

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TEST BANK
A Concise Introduction to Logic
14th Edition by Hurley Chapter 1 to 14




TEST BANK

,TABLEOFCONTENTS it it it




Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC. it it it




1. Basic Concepts.
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Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise. Validity, Truth, Soundness, Str
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gth, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
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2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
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Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and Extensionof Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes. Exercise. Definitional Techniques. Exer
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e. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
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3. Informal Fallacies.
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Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Illicit
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ansference. Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise. it it it it it it




Part II: FORMAL LOGIC. it it it




4. Categorical Propositions.
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The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity, and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opp
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tion. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square of Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Traditio
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l Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form. Exercise.
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5. Categorical Syllogisms.
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Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the Number of Terms. Exercise. Ordina
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Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise. it it it it it it




6. Propositional Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Arguments. Exercise. Indirect Tru
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ables. Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
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7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
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Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of Replacement II. Exercise. Conditional Proof. E
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cise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
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8. Predicate Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise. Conditional and Indirect Proof. Exercis
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roving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
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Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC. it it it




9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
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Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise. it it it it it it




10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
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,"Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five Methods. Mill's Methods and Science. Exercise.
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11. Probability.
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Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
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12. Statistical Reasoning.
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Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion. Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
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13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
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The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The Tentative Acceptance of Hypotheses
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ercise.

14. Science and Superstition.
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Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing Science. Exercise.
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Answers to Selected Exercises.
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, Chapter 1 Test A it it it




MULTIPLECHOICE it




INSTRUCTIONS: Thefollowingselections relatetodistinguishingarguments fromnonarguments it it it it it it it it it




andidentifyingconclusions.Select the best answerforeach.
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1.i t Thereappearsto be a growinghappiness gap betweenmen and women. Women todayare working
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more and relaxingless, while men are workinglessand relaxingmore. Fortyyears ago a typical
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woman spent 40 minutes more per weekthan the typical man performingan activityconsidered
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unpleasant.Today, with men workingless,thegap is 90 minutes and growing. it it it it it it it it it it it it




a. Argument; conclusion: Today... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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b. Nonargument.
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c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... anactivityconsidered unpleasant.
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d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... betweenmen and women.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Women todayare workingmore andrelaxingless.
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ANS: D i t

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2.i t Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead istoxic mainlybecauseit preferentiallyreplaces other
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metals inbiochemical reactions. In so doingitinterferes withthe proteinsthat regulate blood pressure
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(which cancause development delays in childrenand high blood pressure in adults), heme production
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(which canlead toanemia),and spermproduction. Lead also displaces calciumin thereactionsthat
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transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the abilityto thinkandrecall information.
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Anne Marie Helmstine,"Your Guide to Chemistry" it it it it it it




a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes withthe proteins ...and spermproduction.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Lead istoxic.
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c. Nonargument.
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d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentiallyreplacesothermetals inbiochemical reactions.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium... recall information.
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ANS: C i t PTS: i t 2

3.i t Aristotlefocused on clarifyingthe concept of virtue itself. He arguedthat it was virtuous to choose the
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proper amount of emotionand/or action called for in a particular situationand that extremes of
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emotion andaction were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdomwho have
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the capacitytojudge wisely. Aristotlearguedthat theyhave the capacityto followthe"right rule"
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whatever thesituation. it it




David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice it it it it it it




a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacityto judge wisely.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotlefocusedon clarifyingthe concept of virtue itself.
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c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacityto follow ... the situation.
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d. Argument; conclusion: Heargued that it was virtuous... were vices
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e. Nonargument.
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ANS: E i t PTS: i t 2

4.i t Illegal immigrants paylocal salestaxes,and many of themalso paystate,local,and federal income tax
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and Social Securitytax.They also purchase items fromlocal merchants,increasingthe amount these
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merchantspayin taxes. In addition,theyworkfor lowsalaries, whichincreasesthe earnings of their it it it it it it it it it it it it it it it it




employers and the amount of taxesthese employerspay. Thus,itis not correct to saythatillegal it it it it it it it it it it it it it it it it it




immigrants contribute nothingto the communities inwhich theylive. it it it it it it it it it




a. Argument; conclusion: It isnot correct tosay... communities in whichtheylive.
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