TEST BANK FOR CLINICAL SKILLS
141 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWERS
Environmental Based Theory - Answer--Florence Nightingale-Environmental Theory
Indicates that nursing "is an act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist
him in his recovery." It involves the nurse's initiative to configure environmental
settings appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patient's health, and that
external factors associated with the patient's surroundings affect biological
processes and development. Examples include the cleanliness, lighting, fresh air,
and clean water in the room.
Need Based Theory - Answer--Dorothea Orem-Theory of Self-care Deficit
-Virginia Henderson-Nursing Need Theory
Defines nursing as "assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities that will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death and that the
individual would perform unaided if he or she has the necessary strength, will, or
knowledge." An example is Virginia Henderson's theory and it involves helping the
patient perform 14 basic needs: Breath normally, eat and drink adequately. Eliminate
body wastes. Move and maintain desirable postures. Sleep and rest. Select suitable
clothes - dress and undress. Maintain body temperature within normal range. Keep
body clean. Avoid dangers. Communicate with others. Worship according to faith.
Work so that there is accomplishment. Participate in recreation. Learn, discover, or
satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use available
health facilities.
Systems Theories - Answer--Sister Calista Roy-Roy Adaptation Theory
-Betty Neuman-Systems Model
-Dorothy Johnson-Behavioral System Model
-Imogene King-Conceptual System & Theory of Goal Attainment & Transactional
Process
-Systems theories are comprised of different components, input, output, and
feedback. In nursing, input is the data that comes from assessment, it is patient
interaction with their environment. The nursing process is then applied to improve
the interaction. Output is the patient's health status as a result of nursing care.
Feedback informs a system about how it functions. Betty Neuman's systems model
is based on stress and the client's reaction to the stressor - this is an open systems
approach. When applying this model, you would assess the stressor and patient
response to the stressor, identify nursing diagnoses, plan patient centered care,
implement interventions, evaluate the patient's response, and determine if the
stressor is resolved.
Interpersonal Caring Threories - Answer--Leininger-Transcultural Nursing
-Watson-Theory of Human Caring
-Benner, Peplau, Swanson
Focus on interpersonal relations between the nurse, patient, and patient's family and
developing the nurse-patient relationship. An example is Hildegaard Peplau's theory.
,The nurse can serve as a resource person, counselor, and surrogate. The patient
gains from this relationship by using available services to meet needs, and the nurse
helps the patient reduce anxiety related to the health care problems.
Unitary Human Theory - Answer--Rogers
States that a patient cannot be separated from his or her environment when
addressing health and treatment. A person is defined as an indivisible, pan-
dimensional energy field identified by pattern, and manifesting characteristics
specific to the whole, and that can't be predicted from knowledge of the parts. A
person is a unified whole, having its own distinct characteristics that cannot be
viewed by looking at, describing, or summarizing the parts. Applying the theory to the
nursing process, there are three steps - assessment, voluntary mutual patterning,
and evaluation.
Science of Unitary & Irreducible Human Beings
Benner's 5 Levels of Proficiency - Answer-Novice
Advanced Beginner
Competent
Proficient
Expert
Novice - Answer-Beginning nursing student or any nurse entering a situation in
which there is no previous level of experience. Learner learns via specific set of rules
or procedures, which are usually stepwise and linear.
Advanced Beginner - Answer-Nurse who has had some level of experience with
situation. Able to identify meaningful aspect or principles of nursing care. Ex: at
graduation of SCC
Competent - Answer-Nurse who has been in same clinical position for 2-3 years.
Understands organization and specific care required by type of patients. Anticipate
nursing care and establish long-range goals.
Proficient - Answer-Nurse with more than 2-3 years of experience. Perceives
patient's clinical situation as a whole, able to assess situation, readily transfer
knowledge gained from multiple previous experiences to a situation.
Expert - Answer-Nurse with diverse experience. Able to zero in on problem and
focus on multiple dimensions of situation. Skilled at identifying patient-centered
problems and problems related to health care system or perhaps needs of novice
nurse. Intuitive grasp.
Care Pyramid - Answer-Tertiary care
Secondary health care
Primary health care
Clinical preventive services
Population based health care service
Preventative/Primary Care - Answer--Focuses on improved health outcomes for an
entire population
, -It includes primary care and health education, proper nutrition, maternal/child
healthcare, family planning, immunizations, and control of diseases. Ex: Prenatal
and well-baby care. nutrition counseling, family planning, and exercise classes.
(health promotion is a major theme.)
-ex: Blood pressure and cancer screening, immunizations, mental health counseling
and crisis prevention. Community legislation (e.g., seat belts, air bags, bike helmets)
Secondary Care - Answer--Secondary care is where most of us end up when we
have a medical condition to deal with that can't be handled by primary care.
-you will be taken care of by someone who has more specific expertise in whatever
problem you are having.
-Ex: Emergency care, Acute medical-surgical care and Radiological procedures for
acute problems (e.g., x-rays, CT scan)
Tertiary Care - Answer-requires highly specialized equipment and expertise such as
coronary artery bypass surgery, renal or hemodialysis, or neurosurgeries, severe
burn treatments or any other very complex treatments or procedures.
Ex: Intensive care and Subacute care
Restorative Care - Answer--A planned, systematic program that focuses on helping
each resident obtain and maintain the highest level of function.
-Focuses on helping residents do things for themselves rather than "doing for" the
residents.
-Ex: Cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation, sport medicine, spinal cord injury
programs and home care
Continuing Care - Answer--These services are for people who are disabled, who
were never functionally independent, or who suffer a terminal disease. Or many of
those with continuing health care needs have no immediate family members to care
for them
-(e.g., nursing centered or nursing homes, group homes, and retirement
communities), communities (e.g., adult day care and senior centers), or the home
(e.g., home care, home -delivered meals, and hospice)
Healthy People 2020 - Answer-Healthy People provides science-based, 10-year
national objectives for improving the health of all Americans.
Healthy People 2020 strives to:
-Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and
premature death.
-Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
-Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
-Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life
stages.
Primary Characteristics of a Profession - Answer-a basic liberal foundation and
extended education of members; theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined
skills, abilities and norms; provides a specific service; members have autonomy in
decision making and practice (critical thinking, think on your own); code of ethics for
practice
141 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE ANSWERS
Environmental Based Theory - Answer--Florence Nightingale-Environmental Theory
Indicates that nursing "is an act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist
him in his recovery." It involves the nurse's initiative to configure environmental
settings appropriate for the gradual restoration of the patient's health, and that
external factors associated with the patient's surroundings affect biological
processes and development. Examples include the cleanliness, lighting, fresh air,
and clean water in the room.
Need Based Theory - Answer--Dorothea Orem-Theory of Self-care Deficit
-Virginia Henderson-Nursing Need Theory
Defines nursing as "assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities that will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death and that the
individual would perform unaided if he or she has the necessary strength, will, or
knowledge." An example is Virginia Henderson's theory and it involves helping the
patient perform 14 basic needs: Breath normally, eat and drink adequately. Eliminate
body wastes. Move and maintain desirable postures. Sleep and rest. Select suitable
clothes - dress and undress. Maintain body temperature within normal range. Keep
body clean. Avoid dangers. Communicate with others. Worship according to faith.
Work so that there is accomplishment. Participate in recreation. Learn, discover, or
satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use available
health facilities.
Systems Theories - Answer--Sister Calista Roy-Roy Adaptation Theory
-Betty Neuman-Systems Model
-Dorothy Johnson-Behavioral System Model
-Imogene King-Conceptual System & Theory of Goal Attainment & Transactional
Process
-Systems theories are comprised of different components, input, output, and
feedback. In nursing, input is the data that comes from assessment, it is patient
interaction with their environment. The nursing process is then applied to improve
the interaction. Output is the patient's health status as a result of nursing care.
Feedback informs a system about how it functions. Betty Neuman's systems model
is based on stress and the client's reaction to the stressor - this is an open systems
approach. When applying this model, you would assess the stressor and patient
response to the stressor, identify nursing diagnoses, plan patient centered care,
implement interventions, evaluate the patient's response, and determine if the
stressor is resolved.
Interpersonal Caring Threories - Answer--Leininger-Transcultural Nursing
-Watson-Theory of Human Caring
-Benner, Peplau, Swanson
Focus on interpersonal relations between the nurse, patient, and patient's family and
developing the nurse-patient relationship. An example is Hildegaard Peplau's theory.
,The nurse can serve as a resource person, counselor, and surrogate. The patient
gains from this relationship by using available services to meet needs, and the nurse
helps the patient reduce anxiety related to the health care problems.
Unitary Human Theory - Answer--Rogers
States that a patient cannot be separated from his or her environment when
addressing health and treatment. A person is defined as an indivisible, pan-
dimensional energy field identified by pattern, and manifesting characteristics
specific to the whole, and that can't be predicted from knowledge of the parts. A
person is a unified whole, having its own distinct characteristics that cannot be
viewed by looking at, describing, or summarizing the parts. Applying the theory to the
nursing process, there are three steps - assessment, voluntary mutual patterning,
and evaluation.
Science of Unitary & Irreducible Human Beings
Benner's 5 Levels of Proficiency - Answer-Novice
Advanced Beginner
Competent
Proficient
Expert
Novice - Answer-Beginning nursing student or any nurse entering a situation in
which there is no previous level of experience. Learner learns via specific set of rules
or procedures, which are usually stepwise and linear.
Advanced Beginner - Answer-Nurse who has had some level of experience with
situation. Able to identify meaningful aspect or principles of nursing care. Ex: at
graduation of SCC
Competent - Answer-Nurse who has been in same clinical position for 2-3 years.
Understands organization and specific care required by type of patients. Anticipate
nursing care and establish long-range goals.
Proficient - Answer-Nurse with more than 2-3 years of experience. Perceives
patient's clinical situation as a whole, able to assess situation, readily transfer
knowledge gained from multiple previous experiences to a situation.
Expert - Answer-Nurse with diverse experience. Able to zero in on problem and
focus on multiple dimensions of situation. Skilled at identifying patient-centered
problems and problems related to health care system or perhaps needs of novice
nurse. Intuitive grasp.
Care Pyramid - Answer-Tertiary care
Secondary health care
Primary health care
Clinical preventive services
Population based health care service
Preventative/Primary Care - Answer--Focuses on improved health outcomes for an
entire population
, -It includes primary care and health education, proper nutrition, maternal/child
healthcare, family planning, immunizations, and control of diseases. Ex: Prenatal
and well-baby care. nutrition counseling, family planning, and exercise classes.
(health promotion is a major theme.)
-ex: Blood pressure and cancer screening, immunizations, mental health counseling
and crisis prevention. Community legislation (e.g., seat belts, air bags, bike helmets)
Secondary Care - Answer--Secondary care is where most of us end up when we
have a medical condition to deal with that can't be handled by primary care.
-you will be taken care of by someone who has more specific expertise in whatever
problem you are having.
-Ex: Emergency care, Acute medical-surgical care and Radiological procedures for
acute problems (e.g., x-rays, CT scan)
Tertiary Care - Answer-requires highly specialized equipment and expertise such as
coronary artery bypass surgery, renal or hemodialysis, or neurosurgeries, severe
burn treatments or any other very complex treatments or procedures.
Ex: Intensive care and Subacute care
Restorative Care - Answer--A planned, systematic program that focuses on helping
each resident obtain and maintain the highest level of function.
-Focuses on helping residents do things for themselves rather than "doing for" the
residents.
-Ex: Cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation, sport medicine, spinal cord injury
programs and home care
Continuing Care - Answer--These services are for people who are disabled, who
were never functionally independent, or who suffer a terminal disease. Or many of
those with continuing health care needs have no immediate family members to care
for them
-(e.g., nursing centered or nursing homes, group homes, and retirement
communities), communities (e.g., adult day care and senior centers), or the home
(e.g., home care, home -delivered meals, and hospice)
Healthy People 2020 - Answer-Healthy People provides science-based, 10-year
national objectives for improving the health of all Americans.
Healthy People 2020 strives to:
-Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and
premature death.
-Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
-Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
-Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life
stages.
Primary Characteristics of a Profession - Answer-a basic liberal foundation and
extended education of members; theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined
skills, abilities and norms; provides a specific service; members have autonomy in
decision making and practice (critical thinking, think on your own); code of ethics for
practice
