RIO BIO 202 EXAMINATION 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Structure of Lymph Nodes - ✔✔-fibrous dense capsule, trabeculae (divide into
compartments)
-Cortex (contains dividing B cells, T cells in transit)
-Medulla (medullary cords containing T and B lymphocytes and plasma cells)
✔✔Efferent Vessels - ✔✔Exit the lymph Node
✔✔Afferent Vessels - ✔✔Travel into lymph node
✔✔Two Types of Defense - ✔✔-innate
-adaptive
✔✔Innate Defense - ✔✔- comprised of Surface Barriers (1st line-skin, mucous
membrane) and Internal Defenses (2nd line-phagocytes, fever, NK cells, Antimicrobial
proteins, Inflammation)
✔✔Adaptive Defense - ✔✔-a. 3rd line defense, Humoral Immunity (B cells) and Cellular
Immunity (T cells)
✔✔Antigen - ✔✔-produces mobilization and activation of immune response
✔✔Two Types of Antigens - ✔✔- Complete
-incomplete
✔✔Complete Antigen - ✔✔-possess Immunogenicity (ability to stimulate
lymphocyte/antibody) and Reactivity (ability to react with lymphocyte/ antibody)
✔✔Incomplete Antigen - ✔✔-aka Haptens, possess reactivity not immunogenicity
unless attached to protein carrier
✔✔T-Cells - ✔✔-originate in 'T'hymus, receptors are NOT antibodies
-possess Positive Selection (MHC restriction process) and Negative Selection (prevents
reaction to self-antigens)
✔✔B-Cells - ✔✔-originate in 'B'one Marrow
-receptors are membrane-bound antibodies
-clonal deletion (apoptosis) and receptor editing (change self-reactive antigen receptor)
✔✔Humoral Immunity - ✔✔-Humoral Immune Response occurs when an invading
antigen encounters a naïve B cell lymphocyte and antibodies are produced to
counteract the invader
, -clonal selection
- Primary Immune Response
-Secondary Immune Response
✔✔Clonal Selection - ✔✔multiplication of B cell into an army of cells with antigen-
specific receptors
✔✔Primary Immune Response - ✔✔1st exposure to antigen
✔✔Secondary Immune Response - ✔✔reexposure to antigen
✔✔Active Humoral Immunity - ✔✔when antibodies are produced after an antigen
encounter
✔✔Two Types of Active Humoral Immunity - ✔✔-Naturally acquired
-artificialy acquired
✔✔Natrually Acquired Active Humoral Immunity - ✔✔symptoms of bacterial or viral
disease exhibited develop (ie-illness)
✔✔Artificially Acquired Active Humoral Immunity - ✔✔Vaccines, aim to 'prime' immune
response by establishing 1st meeting
✔✔Passive Humoral Immunity - ✔✔-antibodies derived from serum of immune human
or animal
-NOT from plasma cells
*immunological memory does NOT occur
✔✔Example of Passive Humoral Immunity - ✔✔-natural passive immunity in an infant
through the placenta or breastmilk
-artificial passive immunity such as the administration of IV immunoglobulin
✔✔Path of Airflow - ✔✔Nose->Pharynx->Larynx->Trachea->Bronchial Tree->Alveoli
✔✔Conducting Structures - ✔✔-Conduct/guide air to respiratory structures
*the smaller the conducting structure the less cartilage, thinner epithelium, smooth
muscle increases*
✔✔Conducting Structures from largest to smallest - ✔✔Right Bronchi (wider, shorter
than left-common site of inhaled foreign body)/Left Bronchi->Lobar(secondary) Bronchi-
>Segmental(tertiary) Bronchi->Bronchioles-> Terminal Bronchioles
✔✔Respiratory Structures - ✔✔*presence of alveoli*
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Structure of Lymph Nodes - ✔✔-fibrous dense capsule, trabeculae (divide into
compartments)
-Cortex (contains dividing B cells, T cells in transit)
-Medulla (medullary cords containing T and B lymphocytes and plasma cells)
✔✔Efferent Vessels - ✔✔Exit the lymph Node
✔✔Afferent Vessels - ✔✔Travel into lymph node
✔✔Two Types of Defense - ✔✔-innate
-adaptive
✔✔Innate Defense - ✔✔- comprised of Surface Barriers (1st line-skin, mucous
membrane) and Internal Defenses (2nd line-phagocytes, fever, NK cells, Antimicrobial
proteins, Inflammation)
✔✔Adaptive Defense - ✔✔-a. 3rd line defense, Humoral Immunity (B cells) and Cellular
Immunity (T cells)
✔✔Antigen - ✔✔-produces mobilization and activation of immune response
✔✔Two Types of Antigens - ✔✔- Complete
-incomplete
✔✔Complete Antigen - ✔✔-possess Immunogenicity (ability to stimulate
lymphocyte/antibody) and Reactivity (ability to react with lymphocyte/ antibody)
✔✔Incomplete Antigen - ✔✔-aka Haptens, possess reactivity not immunogenicity
unless attached to protein carrier
✔✔T-Cells - ✔✔-originate in 'T'hymus, receptors are NOT antibodies
-possess Positive Selection (MHC restriction process) and Negative Selection (prevents
reaction to self-antigens)
✔✔B-Cells - ✔✔-originate in 'B'one Marrow
-receptors are membrane-bound antibodies
-clonal deletion (apoptosis) and receptor editing (change self-reactive antigen receptor)
✔✔Humoral Immunity - ✔✔-Humoral Immune Response occurs when an invading
antigen encounters a naïve B cell lymphocyte and antibodies are produced to
counteract the invader
, -clonal selection
- Primary Immune Response
-Secondary Immune Response
✔✔Clonal Selection - ✔✔multiplication of B cell into an army of cells with antigen-
specific receptors
✔✔Primary Immune Response - ✔✔1st exposure to antigen
✔✔Secondary Immune Response - ✔✔reexposure to antigen
✔✔Active Humoral Immunity - ✔✔when antibodies are produced after an antigen
encounter
✔✔Two Types of Active Humoral Immunity - ✔✔-Naturally acquired
-artificialy acquired
✔✔Natrually Acquired Active Humoral Immunity - ✔✔symptoms of bacterial or viral
disease exhibited develop (ie-illness)
✔✔Artificially Acquired Active Humoral Immunity - ✔✔Vaccines, aim to 'prime' immune
response by establishing 1st meeting
✔✔Passive Humoral Immunity - ✔✔-antibodies derived from serum of immune human
or animal
-NOT from plasma cells
*immunological memory does NOT occur
✔✔Example of Passive Humoral Immunity - ✔✔-natural passive immunity in an infant
through the placenta or breastmilk
-artificial passive immunity such as the administration of IV immunoglobulin
✔✔Path of Airflow - ✔✔Nose->Pharynx->Larynx->Trachea->Bronchial Tree->Alveoli
✔✔Conducting Structures - ✔✔-Conduct/guide air to respiratory structures
*the smaller the conducting structure the less cartilage, thinner epithelium, smooth
muscle increases*
✔✔Conducting Structures from largest to smallest - ✔✔Right Bronchi (wider, shorter
than left-common site of inhaled foreign body)/Left Bronchi->Lobar(secondary) Bronchi-
>Segmental(tertiary) Bronchi->Bronchioles-> Terminal Bronchioles
✔✔Respiratory Structures - ✔✔*presence of alveoli*
