HSC4579 (Women's Health Issues) Exam 1 || All Correct.
Nutritional and weight gain recommendations for pregnancy and exercise concerns with
pregnancy correct answers -Consume additional 100 calories/day during 1st trimester
-Consume additional 300 calories/day 2nd‐3rd trimester
-Folic acid
-Calcium
-Iron
-Increase fluid intake
-Weight gain: Average 25-35 pounds total
-exercise benefits: feel better, shorter labor, quicker recovery
-Forms of exercise 1st Trimester Ultrasound tests and blood tests to detect Down Syndrome and
trisomy 18 2nd Trimester Multiple marker screening Detailed ultrasound exams
: swimming, walking, low-impact aerobics, Kegel exercises
Women's Health Movement correct answers -began in the 1830's and 1840's
-women began advocating taking an active role in preventing disease and staying healthy rather
than relying on formally trained physicians for treatment
-1st wave focused on eating a proper diet, the elimination of the corset, and periodic sexual
abstinence to control family size
-a few middle-class women sought entry into the medical profession (Elizabeth Blackwell)
-Women's rights convention (Seneca Falls, NY-1848)
Feminism correct answers -the idea that women should have the same political, economic, and
social rights and opportunities as men
Feminist Movement correct answers -1st wave began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
(secure basic rights for women-right to vote, own property)
- 2nd wave occurred In 1960s and 1970s ( fought for reproductive freedom, equal pay, equal
access to jobs and education)
-3rd wave began in late 1980s and early 1990s (addressed domestic violence, access to safe and
legal abortions, and sexual harassment)
Women's Right to Vote correct answers -19th Amendment (1920)
-Progressive Era 1890's-1920's
Women and the workforce post World War 2 correct answers -by end of the war 18 million
women were employed
-women began receiving more pay and worked in a greater variety of positions
-end of war: women pressured to leave their jobs and return to being homemakers
Family and Medical Leave Act correct answers -1993
-gives employees unpaid medical leave for themselves or for the care of a family member or a
newborn or adopted infant
NIH Revitalization Act in regards to women's health correct answers -1993
,-required women and minorities be included as subjects in all human subject research funded by
NIH
-broadened the scientific knowledge base necessary for developing sex-specific diagnostic
techniques, preventive measures, and effective treatments for diseases and conditions affecting
women throughout their life span
Title X Program correct answers -provides funding to millions of people for reproductive health
and family planning services
Clinical trials and the various phases correct answers -Phase I: A new drug is tested in a small
group (20-80) of healthy volunteers to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and
identify side effects
-Phase II: The study is given to a larger group (100-300) of people to further evaluate its safety
and effectiveness.
-Phase III: The study drug is given to large groups (1000-3000) in clinics and hospitals to
confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, and compare it with other treatments
-Phase IV: The study done after the drug is marketed to continue collecting information
regarding the drug's effects in various populations
Third-party payer system correct answers -individuals do not pay directly for the delivery of care
- many have health insurance, which, in return for a monthly or yearly payment called a premium
plus a copayment and /or deductible, provides coverage for health related goods and services
-employees-->(premium)-->payers/insurers-->(money)--> providers--> (services)-->employees
Fee-for-service correct answers -aka indemnity
-insurers reimbursed hospitals based on a list of charges for services rendered.
managed care correct answers -introduced as a method to control costs by changing how the
delivery of care is coordinate and how health care is reimbursed
-requires patients to go to specific providers and have access to care only when certain criteria
are met
-in some cases, physicians receive a predetermined lump sum for all care delivers rather than
each service rendered
- perceived as a form of reform and as a barrier to care
-blamed for decreased access to care (shorter physician office visits, restrictions on choice of
doctors, higher copayments)
Types of Managed Care Plans correct answers -Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)-
Preferred provider organizations (PPOs)
-Point of service (POS)
-Physician hospital organizations (PHOs)
-High-deductible health plan (HDHP) with a health savings account (HSA)
HMO (Health Maintenance Organization) correct answers -managed care plan that offers full
range of services for a fixed, prepaid fee
-copayment
, -deductible
-usually do not have to file claims
POS (Point of Service) correct answers -patients select primary care physician who coordinates
all care within the participating provider network
PPO (Preferred Provider Organization) correct answers -managed care plan
-often cost slightly more than HMOs
-patients can use a health care provider outside of preferred provider network for additional cost.
(like POS without primary physician)
High Deductible Health Plan (HDHP) correct answers -A plan that requires individuals to pay a
higher deductible to cover medical expenses before insurance plan payments begin; chosen to
save money on premiums.
-provides traditional medical coverage and a tax-free way to build savings for future medical
expenses
Factors to consider when choosing an insurance plan correct answers -Preexisting medical
conditions
-Need for services that may not be covered (e.g., psychotherapy, alternative therapies)
-Co‐payments
-Prescription plans/formularies
-Existing providers not in provider network
Types of health insurance correct answers -Private: purchased and subsidized by employers or
individuals
-Public: provided by the government (Medicare, Medicaid, Veterans Administration (VA),
Department of Defense (DOD), Bureau of Indian Affairs)
Medicare correct answers -result of bill enacted by Congress in 1965 to provide health insurance
at a reasonable cost to Americans 65 and older
-Single largest insurer in the US, covering almost 50 million people
-Part A: hospital insurance (provided to all enrollees)
-Part B: outpatient medical insurance (optional)
-Part C: Medicare Advantage
-Part D: prescription drug coverage (optional)
Medicaid correct answers -Program jointly administered by federal and state governments that
provides health insurance to low-income Americans
-largely run at the state level
-Majority of recipients are low income women and children (State Children's Health Insurance
Program (SCHIP))
-Covers nearly 60 million people
Medicaid Qualifications correct answers -Income status
-Level of disability
Nutritional and weight gain recommendations for pregnancy and exercise concerns with
pregnancy correct answers -Consume additional 100 calories/day during 1st trimester
-Consume additional 300 calories/day 2nd‐3rd trimester
-Folic acid
-Calcium
-Iron
-Increase fluid intake
-Weight gain: Average 25-35 pounds total
-exercise benefits: feel better, shorter labor, quicker recovery
-Forms of exercise 1st Trimester Ultrasound tests and blood tests to detect Down Syndrome and
trisomy 18 2nd Trimester Multiple marker screening Detailed ultrasound exams
: swimming, walking, low-impact aerobics, Kegel exercises
Women's Health Movement correct answers -began in the 1830's and 1840's
-women began advocating taking an active role in preventing disease and staying healthy rather
than relying on formally trained physicians for treatment
-1st wave focused on eating a proper diet, the elimination of the corset, and periodic sexual
abstinence to control family size
-a few middle-class women sought entry into the medical profession (Elizabeth Blackwell)
-Women's rights convention (Seneca Falls, NY-1848)
Feminism correct answers -the idea that women should have the same political, economic, and
social rights and opportunities as men
Feminist Movement correct answers -1st wave began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
(secure basic rights for women-right to vote, own property)
- 2nd wave occurred In 1960s and 1970s ( fought for reproductive freedom, equal pay, equal
access to jobs and education)
-3rd wave began in late 1980s and early 1990s (addressed domestic violence, access to safe and
legal abortions, and sexual harassment)
Women's Right to Vote correct answers -19th Amendment (1920)
-Progressive Era 1890's-1920's
Women and the workforce post World War 2 correct answers -by end of the war 18 million
women were employed
-women began receiving more pay and worked in a greater variety of positions
-end of war: women pressured to leave their jobs and return to being homemakers
Family and Medical Leave Act correct answers -1993
-gives employees unpaid medical leave for themselves or for the care of a family member or a
newborn or adopted infant
NIH Revitalization Act in regards to women's health correct answers -1993
,-required women and minorities be included as subjects in all human subject research funded by
NIH
-broadened the scientific knowledge base necessary for developing sex-specific diagnostic
techniques, preventive measures, and effective treatments for diseases and conditions affecting
women throughout their life span
Title X Program correct answers -provides funding to millions of people for reproductive health
and family planning services
Clinical trials and the various phases correct answers -Phase I: A new drug is tested in a small
group (20-80) of healthy volunteers to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and
identify side effects
-Phase II: The study is given to a larger group (100-300) of people to further evaluate its safety
and effectiveness.
-Phase III: The study drug is given to large groups (1000-3000) in clinics and hospitals to
confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, and compare it with other treatments
-Phase IV: The study done after the drug is marketed to continue collecting information
regarding the drug's effects in various populations
Third-party payer system correct answers -individuals do not pay directly for the delivery of care
- many have health insurance, which, in return for a monthly or yearly payment called a premium
plus a copayment and /or deductible, provides coverage for health related goods and services
-employees-->(premium)-->payers/insurers-->(money)--> providers--> (services)-->employees
Fee-for-service correct answers -aka indemnity
-insurers reimbursed hospitals based on a list of charges for services rendered.
managed care correct answers -introduced as a method to control costs by changing how the
delivery of care is coordinate and how health care is reimbursed
-requires patients to go to specific providers and have access to care only when certain criteria
are met
-in some cases, physicians receive a predetermined lump sum for all care delivers rather than
each service rendered
- perceived as a form of reform and as a barrier to care
-blamed for decreased access to care (shorter physician office visits, restrictions on choice of
doctors, higher copayments)
Types of Managed Care Plans correct answers -Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)-
Preferred provider organizations (PPOs)
-Point of service (POS)
-Physician hospital organizations (PHOs)
-High-deductible health plan (HDHP) with a health savings account (HSA)
HMO (Health Maintenance Organization) correct answers -managed care plan that offers full
range of services for a fixed, prepaid fee
-copayment
, -deductible
-usually do not have to file claims
POS (Point of Service) correct answers -patients select primary care physician who coordinates
all care within the participating provider network
PPO (Preferred Provider Organization) correct answers -managed care plan
-often cost slightly more than HMOs
-patients can use a health care provider outside of preferred provider network for additional cost.
(like POS without primary physician)
High Deductible Health Plan (HDHP) correct answers -A plan that requires individuals to pay a
higher deductible to cover medical expenses before insurance plan payments begin; chosen to
save money on premiums.
-provides traditional medical coverage and a tax-free way to build savings for future medical
expenses
Factors to consider when choosing an insurance plan correct answers -Preexisting medical
conditions
-Need for services that may not be covered (e.g., psychotherapy, alternative therapies)
-Co‐payments
-Prescription plans/formularies
-Existing providers not in provider network
Types of health insurance correct answers -Private: purchased and subsidized by employers or
individuals
-Public: provided by the government (Medicare, Medicaid, Veterans Administration (VA),
Department of Defense (DOD), Bureau of Indian Affairs)
Medicare correct answers -result of bill enacted by Congress in 1965 to provide health insurance
at a reasonable cost to Americans 65 and older
-Single largest insurer in the US, covering almost 50 million people
-Part A: hospital insurance (provided to all enrollees)
-Part B: outpatient medical insurance (optional)
-Part C: Medicare Advantage
-Part D: prescription drug coverage (optional)
Medicaid correct answers -Program jointly administered by federal and state governments that
provides health insurance to low-income Americans
-largely run at the state level
-Majority of recipients are low income women and children (State Children's Health Insurance
Program (SCHIP))
-Covers nearly 60 million people
Medicaid Qualifications correct answers -Income status
-Level of disability
