Wgu d236 pathophysiology exam 100 verified answers

WGU D236 pathophysiology Exam
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,WGU D236 pathophysiology Exam b b b




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1. What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces? How does this
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explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema?
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Starling’s Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane.
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There are two major opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic
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pressure (pushing water out of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including
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oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries). Both electrolytes and
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proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic pressure, high electrolyte
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and protein concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the cells and
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interstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the high concentrations. On,
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the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a
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nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter
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the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
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2. How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
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System) result in increased blood volume and increased
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blood pressure?
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A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in
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turn begins to secrete renin. Renin then triggers the liver to produce
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angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I in the lungs and then
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angiotensin II by the enzyme Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II
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stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP. Angiotensin II is also
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stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts to increase sodium
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and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased potassium
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secretion in urine.
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3. How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest?
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Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia
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refers to potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL. A major function of potassium is
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to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and
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too much can cause muscle spasms. This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle
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and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack.
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4. The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate
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Buffering System, and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to
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regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, what is the
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consequence of a pH imbalance?
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Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH
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changes. Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the
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protein (denature), thereby affecting its function as well.
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5. Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic
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