Pharm 1 Final Exam - Nagelhout Questions and
Verified Answers
Pharamcology - ANSWER-study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-"what the body does to the drug" - asborption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion
Pharmaceutics - ANSWER-the formulation and preparation of drugs
Pharacoeconomics - ANSWER-the study of the economic impact of drugs
Toxicology - ANSWER-study of harmful effects of chemicals; pharmacology of high
doses
Pharmacognosy - ANSWER-The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and
animal sources.
Pharmacy - ANSWER-the study of preparing and dispensing drugs
Pharmacogenetics - ANSWER-genetic influences by and on drugs
Pharacodynamics - ANSWER-what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
Pharacogenomics - ANSWER-discrete genetic differences among individuals
Pharmacoepidemiology - ANSWER-the study of the use and effects of drugs on large
groups of people
What are the 2 types of ligands? - ANSWER-Agonists and Antagonists
What does an agonist drug do? - ANSWER-Binds to a receptor and causes a response
What does an antagonist do? - ANSWER-binds to a receptor and BLOCKS the function
that receptor serves
What is competitive binding? - ANSWER-reversible (most drugs); as drug wears off,
there will be a higher concentration of something else in the body that will bind to those
receptors. These drugs possess a weak affinity for the receptors.
What is non-competitive binding? - ANSWER-Non-reversible; once it binds it is there
forever. Possesses a strong affinity, cannot be displaced. Example: aspirin to platelets
,True or False: Complete saturation of available receptors with drug molecules is not
necessary for desired response? - ANSWER-True
List chemical bonds from strongest to weakest: - ANSWER-Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen,
Hydrophobic, Van der Waals
What 4 properties are on a dose response curve? - ANSWER-Affinity (potency),
Efficacy, Variability, Slope
ED50 - ANSWER-Effective dose in 50% of the population
TD50 - ANSWER-toxic dose in 50% of the population
LD50 - ANSWER-lethal dose for 50% of the population
What is the therapeutic index? - ANSWER-LD50/ED50
What is the therapeutic window? - ANSWER-TD50/ED50; estimation of drug dosage
which can treat disease effectively while staying within the safety range
Do you want a higher or a lower therapeutic index? Why? - ANSWER-Higher; means it
takes "x" times as much of the drug to kill the patient as it does to treat them effectively
How would the addition of an opioid antagonist affect the dose response curve of an
opioid? - ANSWER-It would shift the curve to the right, drug can still get to the ED50
and maximum efficacy, just requires a higher dose
What is down-regulation? Example? - ANSWER-Continued stimulation causes
decrease in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of receptors. AKA Tolerance.
Example: continued use of B-agonists (albuterol) makes it less effective
What is up-regulation? Example? - ANSWER-Chronic receptor blockade results in
increase in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of receptors.
Example: Beta blockers requiring up-titration with chronic use
Why should you not abruptly stop taking beta blockers? - ANSWER-Because of up-
regulation, there will be a profound rebound effect
Drug Interactions: Addition - ANSWER-1+1=2, two drugs via same mechanism produce
additive effect
Drug Interactions: Synergism - ANSWER-1+1=3; effect of two combined drugs is
greater than the sum of their individual effects
Drug Interactions: Potentiation - ANSWER-1+0=3; enhancement of one drug by another
drug that has no detectable action of its own
, Example: PCN given with drug that decreases its elimination. Second drug is not
actually fighting the infection.
Drug Interactions: Antagonism - ANSWER-1+1=0; one drug opposes another. Reversal
agents.
What is bioavailability? - ANSWER-% of drug that reaches systemic circulation in
unchanged form
List drug administration routes in order form highest to lowest bioavailability: -
ANSWER-IV, IM, Transdermal (slow, no first-pass effect), SubQ, Rectal, Oral,
Inhalation
What is the process by which a cell converts one kind of signal to another, usually
through a second messenger pathway? - ANSWER-Signal transduction
If a drug is ionized, then it is more _______ -soluble? - ANSWER-Water
If a drug is non-ionized, then it is more ______ -soluble? - ANSWER-Lipid
What is the pKa of a drug? - ANSWER-The pH at which the molecule is 50% ionized
and 50% unionized
Step 1 of drug ionization problems? - ANSWER-pH-pKa=
0: 50/50
0.5: 25/75
>1: 99/1
Step 2 of drug ionization problems? - ANSWER-Determine if it is mostly ionized or non-
ionized.
Acid/Base combo: ionized
Acid/Acid or Base/Base combo: non-ionized
Drug A is in acid drug with a pKa of 7.1. It is put into an acid environment with a pH of
6.0. Will it be absorbed? - ANSWER-1: 6.0-7.1= 1.1 - 99/1 percent of something
2. Acid in Acid environment - so 99% non-ionized
This means it is lipid-soluble, will be well absorbed.
Drug C is a base with pKa of 7.8 in an environment of pH 7.4. Will it have CNS effects?
- ANSWER-1: 7.4-7.8= 0.4 - 25/75 percent of something
2: Base in an Acid Environment - so mostly ionized
This means 75% ionized, 25% non-ionized. So - 25% of drug CAN pass the BBB and
WILL have CNS effects.
What is the pH of the stomach? - ANSWER-1.0-3.0
Verified Answers
Pharamcology - ANSWER-study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-"what the body does to the drug" - asborption,
distribution, metabolism, excretion
Pharmaceutics - ANSWER-the formulation and preparation of drugs
Pharacoeconomics - ANSWER-the study of the economic impact of drugs
Toxicology - ANSWER-study of harmful effects of chemicals; pharmacology of high
doses
Pharmacognosy - ANSWER-The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and
animal sources.
Pharmacy - ANSWER-the study of preparing and dispensing drugs
Pharmacogenetics - ANSWER-genetic influences by and on drugs
Pharacodynamics - ANSWER-what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
Pharacogenomics - ANSWER-discrete genetic differences among individuals
Pharmacoepidemiology - ANSWER-the study of the use and effects of drugs on large
groups of people
What are the 2 types of ligands? - ANSWER-Agonists and Antagonists
What does an agonist drug do? - ANSWER-Binds to a receptor and causes a response
What does an antagonist do? - ANSWER-binds to a receptor and BLOCKS the function
that receptor serves
What is competitive binding? - ANSWER-reversible (most drugs); as drug wears off,
there will be a higher concentration of something else in the body that will bind to those
receptors. These drugs possess a weak affinity for the receptors.
What is non-competitive binding? - ANSWER-Non-reversible; once it binds it is there
forever. Possesses a strong affinity, cannot be displaced. Example: aspirin to platelets
,True or False: Complete saturation of available receptors with drug molecules is not
necessary for desired response? - ANSWER-True
List chemical bonds from strongest to weakest: - ANSWER-Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen,
Hydrophobic, Van der Waals
What 4 properties are on a dose response curve? - ANSWER-Affinity (potency),
Efficacy, Variability, Slope
ED50 - ANSWER-Effective dose in 50% of the population
TD50 - ANSWER-toxic dose in 50% of the population
LD50 - ANSWER-lethal dose for 50% of the population
What is the therapeutic index? - ANSWER-LD50/ED50
What is the therapeutic window? - ANSWER-TD50/ED50; estimation of drug dosage
which can treat disease effectively while staying within the safety range
Do you want a higher or a lower therapeutic index? Why? - ANSWER-Higher; means it
takes "x" times as much of the drug to kill the patient as it does to treat them effectively
How would the addition of an opioid antagonist affect the dose response curve of an
opioid? - ANSWER-It would shift the curve to the right, drug can still get to the ED50
and maximum efficacy, just requires a higher dose
What is down-regulation? Example? - ANSWER-Continued stimulation causes
decrease in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of receptors. AKA Tolerance.
Example: continued use of B-agonists (albuterol) makes it less effective
What is up-regulation? Example? - ANSWER-Chronic receptor blockade results in
increase in quantity and quality (sensitivity) of receptors.
Example: Beta blockers requiring up-titration with chronic use
Why should you not abruptly stop taking beta blockers? - ANSWER-Because of up-
regulation, there will be a profound rebound effect
Drug Interactions: Addition - ANSWER-1+1=2, two drugs via same mechanism produce
additive effect
Drug Interactions: Synergism - ANSWER-1+1=3; effect of two combined drugs is
greater than the sum of their individual effects
Drug Interactions: Potentiation - ANSWER-1+0=3; enhancement of one drug by another
drug that has no detectable action of its own
, Example: PCN given with drug that decreases its elimination. Second drug is not
actually fighting the infection.
Drug Interactions: Antagonism - ANSWER-1+1=0; one drug opposes another. Reversal
agents.
What is bioavailability? - ANSWER-% of drug that reaches systemic circulation in
unchanged form
List drug administration routes in order form highest to lowest bioavailability: -
ANSWER-IV, IM, Transdermal (slow, no first-pass effect), SubQ, Rectal, Oral,
Inhalation
What is the process by which a cell converts one kind of signal to another, usually
through a second messenger pathway? - ANSWER-Signal transduction
If a drug is ionized, then it is more _______ -soluble? - ANSWER-Water
If a drug is non-ionized, then it is more ______ -soluble? - ANSWER-Lipid
What is the pKa of a drug? - ANSWER-The pH at which the molecule is 50% ionized
and 50% unionized
Step 1 of drug ionization problems? - ANSWER-pH-pKa=
0: 50/50
0.5: 25/75
>1: 99/1
Step 2 of drug ionization problems? - ANSWER-Determine if it is mostly ionized or non-
ionized.
Acid/Base combo: ionized
Acid/Acid or Base/Base combo: non-ionized
Drug A is in acid drug with a pKa of 7.1. It is put into an acid environment with a pH of
6.0. Will it be absorbed? - ANSWER-1: 6.0-7.1= 1.1 - 99/1 percent of something
2. Acid in Acid environment - so 99% non-ionized
This means it is lipid-soluble, will be well absorbed.
Drug C is a base with pKa of 7.8 in an environment of pH 7.4. Will it have CNS effects?
- ANSWER-1: 7.4-7.8= 0.4 - 25/75 percent of something
2: Base in an Acid Environment - so mostly ionized
This means 75% ionized, 25% non-ionized. So - 25% of drug CAN pass the BBB and
WILL have CNS effects.
What is the pH of the stomach? - ANSWER-1.0-3.0
