APEA 3P Pathophysiology - Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose & Throat Q & A 2025

APEA 3P Pathophysiology - Head, Eyes,
Ears, Nose & Throat Q & A 2025
Auricularahematomaa-acorrectaanswers-bleedingainatheaauricularacartilegea

Cause:Adirect,abluntatraumaacommonlyaseenainawrestlers,Aboxers,ammaafighters

Tx:ahematomaaneedsadrainedaoraitacanaresultainacaulifloweraear
Avulsedatootha-acorrectaanswers-consideredaaadentalaemergencyaforapermanentateeth

Theasooneratheaavulsedatoothaisareimplanted,atheabetteratheaoutcome

Tx:
-avoidatouchingathearoot,ahandleaonlyatheacrown
-rinseatoothainanormalasaline,airrigateatheasocketawithanormalasaline
-reimplantatheatooth
-haveatheaptabiteadownaonagauzeaandareferatoadentistaasasoonaasapossible
-
storeatheatoothainacoldamilkaorasalineaorastoreainsideatheacheeka(buccalasulcus)aifaunableatoar
eimplant
Basilaraskullafracturea-acorrectaanswers-temporalaboneaisacommonlyafractureda-
alinearafractureaisamostacommonafollowedabyadepressedaandabasilaraskullafractures




Causes:Afalls,Aassaults,acaracollisions,apenetratingamissiles

S/s:aperiorbitalaecchymosisa(raccoonaeyes),amastoidaecchymosisa(battleasign)aappearaina1-
3adaysafollowingatrauma;aphysicalaexamadoesanotashowatheseasignsaimmediately

Assessment:A
-cleararhinorrheaaoraotorrheaa(dischargeafromaearaoranoseasuggestingacsfaleak)
-hemotympanuma(blue-
purpleacoloraofatympanicamembranea[TM])acausedabyabloodaaccumulationainatheamiddleaea
r

Tx:areferatoaed
Cholesteatomaa-acorrectaanswers-
collectionaofaskinacellsaandacholesterolainaaasacawithinatheamiddleaear

S/s:acanabeaasymptomatic;amayacomplainaofahearingalossaandaintermittentaotorrheaafromao
neaearathataisapurulentaandafoulasmelling

Onaexam,athereaisaperforationaofatheatmaonatheasuperioraquadrantaandaaacauliflower-
likeaorapearly-
whiteamass.aanotherapresentationaisaanaintactatmawithamissingalandmarksaandawhiteamassa
visibleabehindatheatm.

, Risks:ahxaofachronicaorarecurrentaotitisamediaainfection.

Considerations:amassaisanotacancerousabutacanaerodeaintoatheabonesaofatheafaceaandadam
ageatheafacialanervea(CNAVII)

Tx:aantibioticsaandasurgicalaexcision/repair
Referatoaotolaryngologist
Diptheriaa-acorrectaanswers-infectiousadiseaseacausedabyagram-
positiveabacillusacorynebacteriumadiphtheriaea-averyacontagiousa-
acontactaprophylaxisarequired




S/s:asoreathroat,Amalaise,Alow-
gradeafever,acervicalalymphadenopathy,apossibleaswellingaofasubmandibulararegionaandaa
nterioranecka(bullaneck)

Ina1/3aofacases,aposteriorapharynx,Atonsils,auvulaaandasoftapalateaareacoatedawithagrayatoaye
llowapseudomembraneathataisahardatoadisplace

Tx:areferatoaed
Bullanecka-acorrectaanswers-
swellingaofatheasubmandibulararegionaandaanterioraneckaassociatedawithadiptheria
Herpesasimplexakeratitisa-acorrectaanswers-
classifiedabyainfectiousaepithelialakeratitisa(mostacommon),astomalakeratitis,Aendotheliitis,an
eurotrophicakeratopathy.

Necrotizingakeratitisamayaprogressatoacornealaperforation.

S/s:aacuteaonsetaofasevereaeyeapain,Aphotophobia,atearingaandablurredavisionainaoneaeye.A

Oftenadiagnosedabasedaonaphysicalaexam.A

Tx:adependsaonaifaepisodeaisacausedabyaactiveaviralareplicationaoraimmunearesponseatoapas
tainfection.
Often,aantiviralamedicationaisaindicated.
Herpesazosteraopthalmicusa-acorrectaanswers-
herpesazosterainvolvementaofatheaophthalmicadivisionaofatheatrigeminalanervea(CNAV).A

S/s:Aheadache,Amalaise,afeverawithaunilateralaeyeainvolvementaorahypothesisainatheaaffecte
daeyeaoraforehead;aaccompaniedabyavascularalesions,asignifyingainvolvementaofatheanasoci
lliaryabranchaofatheatrigeminalanervea(oneasideaofaforehead,Aeyelids,atipaofanose)

Potentiallyalifeathreateningacondition

Tx:areferatoaed