9/26 - Two Worlds Meet
Columbian exchange - in 1972, Alfred Colsby published a book to coin the phrase
Clovis Culture: 13,000 years ago
-One of the earliest widespread native cultures
-Known for using stone tools called clovis points
Kennewick Man
-In 1996, 2 college students in WA discovered a 9,600 year old skeleton
-it instantly started scholarly debates, legal litigations
-After a prolonged legal battle, his remains returned to native tribe in 2017
Natives come from Europe and Asia
Vikings between 9th-11th centuries. Erik the Red (founder of Greenland) and his son, Leif
Erikson (first European to set foot in America)
Hakarl (fermented shark) - iceland
,Early European Exploration
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
-From Genoa, Italy
-Landing in Bahamas on Oct 12
Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512)
-Two trips to America
-Exploring South America
-Name of America was put on map in honor of him. World map - 1507
Fauna and flora
Columbian exchange > food and animal exchange from old world to new world, but also
diseases
Old>New: Smallpox, measles, typhus, cholera, diphtheria, influenza, chicken pox, yellow fever.
Whooping cough. 90% of Natives died in 100 years from it
New>Old: syphilis, hepatitis (no cure), polio, encephalitis (indian revenge)
Smallpox - deadliest disease to native americans
Depopulation of natives: declined from 1.5M in 1492 -> 1,000
Depopulation of natives in Caribbean
-black slave trade in age of discovery
-Importation of African Slaves
Spreading of syphilis
In 1990s, indigenous peoples day was instituted in Berkley, California to coincide w/ 500th
anniversary of Columbus Day. Destruction of Columbus statues across US in the 21st century.
Erikson vs Columbus.
9/27 - Spanish North America
Spanish North America
Spanish Dominance in the early period of age of discovery
Spain & Portugal. Mexico used to be New Spain
,Searching for the fountain of youth
In 1513, 1st Spanish voyage to N america. Ponce de Leon led 3 ships & 200 men to sail for
legendary Bimini Island on March 27, Easter Sunday, he landed at a place near today’s
Daytona Beach and named it La Florida. Didn’t come to settle until 1521, but a native shot him
with an arrow and he died. Founding father of Florida.
Cabeza de Vaca’s journey across North America
-in 1527, joining Narvaez Expedition with 600 ppl
-Collapse of expedition caused by war, illness, and starvation
-left boats & they got blown away
-he and a black slave Estevancio were the only survivors
-tried to walk across North America to New Spain, but kept getting captured by Natives. Took 8
years for them to reach it.
- 1527-1536, living amongst native tribes, being healer to them, sometimes being a slave.
Taking 8 years to return
-The Narrative of Cabez de Vaca is the 1st European book devoted completely to North
America (he wrote it in 154 when returning) almost 300 years before Lewis & Clark.
7 Cities of Cibola - a legendary place (they thought they would get long genitals)
Coronado Expedition (1540-1542) > 400 Spaniards, 1,300-2,000 Mexican Indian allies.
-1st European tourists in the SW, 1540. Grand Canyon, Giant Cactus, Acoma Sky City, Taos
Pueblo
-In 1541, Coronado reached Lindsborg, Central Kansas (Led by Natives looking for the 7 cities)
-They found no gold or silver but saw “shaggy cows”
-used sea compass to navigate > tall grass
First European Colony
-On Sept 8, 1565, Pedro Mendez de Aviles led several hundred soldiers & settlers
-St. Augustine de Hippo holiday so they named it St. Augustine, Florida. Oldest town in US
-Missions and Presidios in Florida (Spanish colonial institutions used to establish control over
the American Southwest and spread Christianity to the native population)
Founding of New Mexico by Juan de Onate:
-Receiving the order - 1595
-San Gabriel - 1598
-Santa Fe - 1609 > 3rd oldest town > Capital
New Mexico Settlements:
-Mission San Augustin de Isleta, 1613
-Mission Church
-Spanish missions in Texas, 1659-1795
-San Antonio > mission concepcion > Mission national park
-In late 1700s, Spanish set up 2 dozen missions in Alta, California
European Settlements in 1650
, English, french, Spanish settlements 1776
Presidio (fort or garrison)
-self-containing miliary post w/ few soldiers & priests
-similar setting to mission
-colonial frontier military settlements intended to secure and defend Spain's claim to territories
occupied by indigenous populations
16th Century, abuse of indian laborers
Origins of Black Legend
-King acknowledges abuse, issued order > can’t mistreat or abuse Natives
-No making them slaves, need to christianize. Allowing interracial marriage.
Spreading of horses among native tribes > all of them had horses & guns by the time of
American revolution
Mexicans: legacy of interracial marriage > created latino race
Celebration of Spanish heritage vs protest against Colonialism
Spanish Settlements
Strengths:
-Inclusive society
-christianization of natives
-interracial marriage
-better treatment of Natives
Weaknesses:
-defense frontier
-organized process
-tight control of settlers
-slow population growth
Columbian exchange - in 1972, Alfred Colsby published a book to coin the phrase
Clovis Culture: 13,000 years ago
-One of the earliest widespread native cultures
-Known for using stone tools called clovis points
Kennewick Man
-In 1996, 2 college students in WA discovered a 9,600 year old skeleton
-it instantly started scholarly debates, legal litigations
-After a prolonged legal battle, his remains returned to native tribe in 2017
Natives come from Europe and Asia
Vikings between 9th-11th centuries. Erik the Red (founder of Greenland) and his son, Leif
Erikson (first European to set foot in America)
Hakarl (fermented shark) - iceland
,Early European Exploration
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)
-From Genoa, Italy
-Landing in Bahamas on Oct 12
Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512)
-Two trips to America
-Exploring South America
-Name of America was put on map in honor of him. World map - 1507
Fauna and flora
Columbian exchange > food and animal exchange from old world to new world, but also
diseases
Old>New: Smallpox, measles, typhus, cholera, diphtheria, influenza, chicken pox, yellow fever.
Whooping cough. 90% of Natives died in 100 years from it
New>Old: syphilis, hepatitis (no cure), polio, encephalitis (indian revenge)
Smallpox - deadliest disease to native americans
Depopulation of natives: declined from 1.5M in 1492 -> 1,000
Depopulation of natives in Caribbean
-black slave trade in age of discovery
-Importation of African Slaves
Spreading of syphilis
In 1990s, indigenous peoples day was instituted in Berkley, California to coincide w/ 500th
anniversary of Columbus Day. Destruction of Columbus statues across US in the 21st century.
Erikson vs Columbus.
9/27 - Spanish North America
Spanish North America
Spanish Dominance in the early period of age of discovery
Spain & Portugal. Mexico used to be New Spain
,Searching for the fountain of youth
In 1513, 1st Spanish voyage to N america. Ponce de Leon led 3 ships & 200 men to sail for
legendary Bimini Island on March 27, Easter Sunday, he landed at a place near today’s
Daytona Beach and named it La Florida. Didn’t come to settle until 1521, but a native shot him
with an arrow and he died. Founding father of Florida.
Cabeza de Vaca’s journey across North America
-in 1527, joining Narvaez Expedition with 600 ppl
-Collapse of expedition caused by war, illness, and starvation
-left boats & they got blown away
-he and a black slave Estevancio were the only survivors
-tried to walk across North America to New Spain, but kept getting captured by Natives. Took 8
years for them to reach it.
- 1527-1536, living amongst native tribes, being healer to them, sometimes being a slave.
Taking 8 years to return
-The Narrative of Cabez de Vaca is the 1st European book devoted completely to North
America (he wrote it in 154 when returning) almost 300 years before Lewis & Clark.
7 Cities of Cibola - a legendary place (they thought they would get long genitals)
Coronado Expedition (1540-1542) > 400 Spaniards, 1,300-2,000 Mexican Indian allies.
-1st European tourists in the SW, 1540. Grand Canyon, Giant Cactus, Acoma Sky City, Taos
Pueblo
-In 1541, Coronado reached Lindsborg, Central Kansas (Led by Natives looking for the 7 cities)
-They found no gold or silver but saw “shaggy cows”
-used sea compass to navigate > tall grass
First European Colony
-On Sept 8, 1565, Pedro Mendez de Aviles led several hundred soldiers & settlers
-St. Augustine de Hippo holiday so they named it St. Augustine, Florida. Oldest town in US
-Missions and Presidios in Florida (Spanish colonial institutions used to establish control over
the American Southwest and spread Christianity to the native population)
Founding of New Mexico by Juan de Onate:
-Receiving the order - 1595
-San Gabriel - 1598
-Santa Fe - 1609 > 3rd oldest town > Capital
New Mexico Settlements:
-Mission San Augustin de Isleta, 1613
-Mission Church
-Spanish missions in Texas, 1659-1795
-San Antonio > mission concepcion > Mission national park
-In late 1700s, Spanish set up 2 dozen missions in Alta, California
European Settlements in 1650
, English, french, Spanish settlements 1776
Presidio (fort or garrison)
-self-containing miliary post w/ few soldiers & priests
-similar setting to mission
-colonial frontier military settlements intended to secure and defend Spain's claim to territories
occupied by indigenous populations
16th Century, abuse of indian laborers
Origins of Black Legend
-King acknowledges abuse, issued order > can’t mistreat or abuse Natives
-No making them slaves, need to christianize. Allowing interracial marriage.
Spreading of horses among native tribes > all of them had horses & guns by the time of
American revolution
Mexicans: legacy of interracial marriage > created latino race
Celebration of Spanish heritage vs protest against Colonialism
Spanish Settlements
Strengths:
-Inclusive society
-christianization of natives
-interracial marriage
-better treatment of Natives
Weaknesses:
-defense frontier
-organized process
-tight control of settlers
-slow population growth
