Pathophysiology Rasmussen - Exam
Gastritis correct answers-inflammation of stomach mucosal lining
-can involve entire stomach or just a region
-can be acute or chronic
Gastroenteritis correct answers-inflammation of stomach lining AND
intestines
-usually results from an infection or allergic reaction
Causes of stomach inflammatory disorders correct answers- smoking
-stress
-long term use of NSAIDS
-alcoholism
-autoimmune diseases
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) correct answers-condition
where chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the
esophagus
-occasionally bile can also back up into esophagus
-this irritates esophageal mucosa
*causes: certain foods, alcohol, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity,
pregnancy, certain medications, nasogastric intubation, delayed gastric
emptying
PUD (peptic ulcer disease) correct answers-stomach ulcers caused by
high acidity
-affects lining of the stomach and duodenum
-accounts for 80% of cases
*causes/risks: advancing age, NSAID use, chronic disease, H. pylori, gastric
tumors, or infections (most common cause)
Cirrhosis correct answers-chronic degenerative disease of the liver
-progressive and irreversible
-this damage leads to nodules, impaired blood flow, bile obstruction, & liver
failure
*causes/risks: hepatitis, alcoholism, autoimmune disease
C. Diff Colitis correct answers-opportunistic bacterial infection causing
persistent diarrhea
-often occurs because of antibiotics
-can also be transmitted person to person
-causes severe damage to colon & can even be fatal
Appendicitis correct answers-inflammation of the appendix
-causes severe abdominal pain
-as appendix fills and swells, ischemia and necrosis develop
, -if the appendix ruptures, the bacteria escapes and can cause abscesses,
peritonitis, or gangrene (as a result of worsening necrosis)
-can be life threatening if left untreated
Hiatal hernia correct answers-protrusion of a part of the stomach upward
through the opening in the diaphragm
-develops from weakening of the diaphragm muscle
-causes increased intrathoracic pressure leading to coughing, vomiting, and
straining to defecate
-also caused by trauma or congenital defects
*risk factors: advancing age and smoking
Cholelithiasis correct answers-gallstones in the gallbladder
-more common in light skinned women
-colicky pain (comes and goes)
-not emergent, elective removal of gallbladder
*causes/risks: advancing age, obesity, high fat diet, rapid weight loss,
pregnancy, hormone replacement, certain chronic diseases, and long-
term parenteral nutrition
Pancreatitis correct answers-inflammation of the pancreas
- can be acute or chronic
*causes/risks: cholelithiasis (most common acute cause), alcohol abuse
(most common chronic cause), hepatotoxic drugs, metabolic disorders,
endocrine disorders, pancreatic tumors
*serious complications: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),
diabetes mellitus, infection, shock, malnutrition, and renal failure
Hepatitis correct answers-inflammation of the liver
-can be caused by infections, alcohol, medications, anti-seizure agents, or
autoimmune diseases
-can be acute, chronic, or fulminant (very sudden & severe)
-can be active or non-active
-viral hepatitis accounts for 50% of all cases of acute hepatitis in the US
Bowel obstruction correct answers-blockage of the intestines (most
commonly the small intestine)
*causes: foreign bodies, tumors, hernias, volvulus, crohn's disease,
diverticulitis
Peritonitis correct answers-inflammation of the peritoneum
(membrane lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding the organs
within it)
-usually presents as an acute condition
*potential causes: chemical irritation (ruptured gallbladder or spleen) or
direct organism invasion
Cholecystitis correct answers-blockage of the duct that leads from the
gallbladder to the small intestine by gallstones
Gastritis correct answers-inflammation of stomach mucosal lining
-can involve entire stomach or just a region
-can be acute or chronic
Gastroenteritis correct answers-inflammation of stomach lining AND
intestines
-usually results from an infection or allergic reaction
Causes of stomach inflammatory disorders correct answers- smoking
-stress
-long term use of NSAIDS
-alcoholism
-autoimmune diseases
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) correct answers-condition
where chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the
esophagus
-occasionally bile can also back up into esophagus
-this irritates esophageal mucosa
*causes: certain foods, alcohol, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity,
pregnancy, certain medications, nasogastric intubation, delayed gastric
emptying
PUD (peptic ulcer disease) correct answers-stomach ulcers caused by
high acidity
-affects lining of the stomach and duodenum
-accounts for 80% of cases
*causes/risks: advancing age, NSAID use, chronic disease, H. pylori, gastric
tumors, or infections (most common cause)
Cirrhosis correct answers-chronic degenerative disease of the liver
-progressive and irreversible
-this damage leads to nodules, impaired blood flow, bile obstruction, & liver
failure
*causes/risks: hepatitis, alcoholism, autoimmune disease
C. Diff Colitis correct answers-opportunistic bacterial infection causing
persistent diarrhea
-often occurs because of antibiotics
-can also be transmitted person to person
-causes severe damage to colon & can even be fatal
Appendicitis correct answers-inflammation of the appendix
-causes severe abdominal pain
-as appendix fills and swells, ischemia and necrosis develop
, -if the appendix ruptures, the bacteria escapes and can cause abscesses,
peritonitis, or gangrene (as a result of worsening necrosis)
-can be life threatening if left untreated
Hiatal hernia correct answers-protrusion of a part of the stomach upward
through the opening in the diaphragm
-develops from weakening of the diaphragm muscle
-causes increased intrathoracic pressure leading to coughing, vomiting, and
straining to defecate
-also caused by trauma or congenital defects
*risk factors: advancing age and smoking
Cholelithiasis correct answers-gallstones in the gallbladder
-more common in light skinned women
-colicky pain (comes and goes)
-not emergent, elective removal of gallbladder
*causes/risks: advancing age, obesity, high fat diet, rapid weight loss,
pregnancy, hormone replacement, certain chronic diseases, and long-
term parenteral nutrition
Pancreatitis correct answers-inflammation of the pancreas
- can be acute or chronic
*causes/risks: cholelithiasis (most common acute cause), alcohol abuse
(most common chronic cause), hepatotoxic drugs, metabolic disorders,
endocrine disorders, pancreatic tumors
*serious complications: acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),
diabetes mellitus, infection, shock, malnutrition, and renal failure
Hepatitis correct answers-inflammation of the liver
-can be caused by infections, alcohol, medications, anti-seizure agents, or
autoimmune diseases
-can be acute, chronic, or fulminant (very sudden & severe)
-can be active or non-active
-viral hepatitis accounts for 50% of all cases of acute hepatitis in the US
Bowel obstruction correct answers-blockage of the intestines (most
commonly the small intestine)
*causes: foreign bodies, tumors, hernias, volvulus, crohn's disease,
diverticulitis
Peritonitis correct answers-inflammation of the peritoneum
(membrane lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding the organs
within it)
-usually presents as an acute condition
*potential causes: chemical irritation (ruptured gallbladder or spleen) or
direct organism invasion
Cholecystitis correct answers-blockage of the duct that leads from the
gallbladder to the small intestine by gallstones
