NU 673 Midterm Exam | COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2025
LATEST UPDATED | ALREADY GRADED A+
This consists of aggregations of neuronal cell bodies. It rims the surfaces of the cerebral
hemispheres, forming the cerebral cortex
A. Gray matter
B. White matter - (answers)A. Gray matter
- Deep in the brain lie additional clusters of gray matter (Fig. 17-2). These include the basal
ganglia, which affect movement, and the thalamus and the hypothala- mus structures in the
diencephalon. The thalamus processes sensory impulses and relays them to the cerebral cortex.
The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis (Bickley)
- and regulates temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. The hypothalamus affects the
endocrine system and governs emotional behaviors such as anger and sexual drive. Hormones
secreted in the hypothalamus act directly on the pituitary gland.
This consists of neuronal axons that are coated with myelin. The myelin sheaths, which create
the white color, allow nerve impulses to travel more rapidly.
A. Gray matter
B. White matter - (answers)B. White matter
- The internal capsule is a white-matter structure where myelinated fibers converge from all parts
of the cerebral cortex and descend into the brainstem. The brainstem, which connects the upper
part of the brain with the spinal cord, has three sections: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.
(Bickley)
Consciousness relies on the interaction between intact cerebral hemispheres and a structure in the
diencephalon and upper brainstem
A. Reticular activating system
B. Cerebellum - (answers)A. Reticular activating system
- Consciousness relies on the interaction between intact cerebral hemispheres and a structure in
the diencephalon and upper brainstem, the reticular activating (arousal) system.
- The cerebellum, which lies at the base of the brain, coordinates all movement and helps
maintain the body upright in space. (Bickley)
Determine how many segements of the ff
,A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral - (answers)A. Cervical C1-C8
B. Thoracic T1-T12
C. Lumbar L1-L5
D. Sacral S1-S5
This regulates muscle movements and response to the sensations of touch and pain
A. Somatic
B. Autonomic - (answers)A. Somatic
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of both CNs and peripheral nerves that project to
the heart, visceral organs, skin, and limbs. It controls the somatic nervous system, which
regulates muscle movements and response to the sensations of touch and pain, and the autonomic
nervous system that connects to internal organs and generates autonomic reflex responses. The
autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic nervous system, which "mobilizes organs
and their functions during times of stress and arousal, and the parasympathetic nervous system,
which conserves energy and resources during times of rest and relaxation."5 (Bickley)
.
Determine the pairs of peripheral nerves
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral
E. Coccygeal - (answers)A. Cervical- 8
B. Thoracic- 12
C. Lumbar- 5
D. Sacral- 5
E. Coccygeal- 1
,- The PNS includes spinal and peripheral nerves that carry impulses to and from the cord. A total
of 31 pairs of spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral,
and 1 coccygeal. Each nerve has an anterior (ventral) root containing motor fibers, and a
posterior (dorsal) root containing sensory fibers. The anterior and posterior roots merge to form a
short spinal nerve, <5 mm long. Spinal nerve fibers commingle with similar fibers from other
levels in plexuses outside the cord, from which peripheral nerves emerge. Most peripheral nerves
contain both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers. (Bickley)
Determine the Cranial Nerve:
Oflactory: sense of smell
A. I
B. Ii
C. III
D. IV
E. V
F. Vi
G. VII
H. VIIi
I. IX
J. X
K. Xi
L. XII - (answers)XII Hypoglossal motor tongue
Determine the Cranial Nerve:
Optic: vision
A. II
B. I
C. III
D. IV
E. VI
F. V
G. VIII
, H. VII
I. IX
J. XI
K. X
L. XII - (answers)A. II
This mediate voluntary movement and integrate skilled, complicated, or delicate movements by
stim- ulating selected muscular actions and inhibiting others. They also carry impulses that
inhibit muscle tone, the slight tension maintained by normal muscle even when it is relaxed.
(Bickley)
A. Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
B. Basal Ganglia
C. Cerebellar system - (answers)A. Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
- The corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. The corticospinal tracts mediate voluntary movement and
integrate skilled, complicated, or delicate movements by stimulating selected muscular actions
and inhibiting others. They also carry impulses that inhibit muscle tone, the slight tension
maintained by normal muscle even when it is relaxed. The corticospinal tracts originate in the
motor cortex of the brain (Fig. 17-6). Motor fibers travel down into the lower medulla, where
they form an anatomical structure resembling a pyramid.
- There, most of these fibers cross to the opposite or contralateral side of the medulla, continue
downward, and synapse with anterior horn cells or with intermediate neurons. Tracts synapsing
in the brainstem with motor nuclei of the CNs are termed corticobulbar.
● The basal ganglia system. This exceedingly complex system includes motor pathways between
the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. It helps to maintain muscle tone
and to control body movements, especially gross automatic movements such as walking.
● The cerebellar system. The cerebellum receives both sensory and motor input and coordinates
motor activity, maintains equilibrium, and helps to control posture. (Bickley)
When upper motor neuron systems are damaged above their crossover in the medulla, motor
impairment develops on and becomes (STA)
A. Ipsilateral
B. Contralateral
C. Exaggerated reflex
D. Lack of reflex - (answers)B. Contralateral & C. Exaggerated reflex
LATEST UPDATED | ALREADY GRADED A+
This consists of aggregations of neuronal cell bodies. It rims the surfaces of the cerebral
hemispheres, forming the cerebral cortex
A. Gray matter
B. White matter - (answers)A. Gray matter
- Deep in the brain lie additional clusters of gray matter (Fig. 17-2). These include the basal
ganglia, which affect movement, and the thalamus and the hypothala- mus structures in the
diencephalon. The thalamus processes sensory impulses and relays them to the cerebral cortex.
The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis (Bickley)
- and regulates temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. The hypothalamus affects the
endocrine system and governs emotional behaviors such as anger and sexual drive. Hormones
secreted in the hypothalamus act directly on the pituitary gland.
This consists of neuronal axons that are coated with myelin. The myelin sheaths, which create
the white color, allow nerve impulses to travel more rapidly.
A. Gray matter
B. White matter - (answers)B. White matter
- The internal capsule is a white-matter structure where myelinated fibers converge from all parts
of the cerebral cortex and descend into the brainstem. The brainstem, which connects the upper
part of the brain with the spinal cord, has three sections: the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.
(Bickley)
Consciousness relies on the interaction between intact cerebral hemispheres and a structure in the
diencephalon and upper brainstem
A. Reticular activating system
B. Cerebellum - (answers)A. Reticular activating system
- Consciousness relies on the interaction between intact cerebral hemispheres and a structure in
the diencephalon and upper brainstem, the reticular activating (arousal) system.
- The cerebellum, which lies at the base of the brain, coordinates all movement and helps
maintain the body upright in space. (Bickley)
Determine how many segements of the ff
,A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral - (answers)A. Cervical C1-C8
B. Thoracic T1-T12
C. Lumbar L1-L5
D. Sacral S1-S5
This regulates muscle movements and response to the sensations of touch and pain
A. Somatic
B. Autonomic - (answers)A. Somatic
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of both CNs and peripheral nerves that project to
the heart, visceral organs, skin, and limbs. It controls the somatic nervous system, which
regulates muscle movements and response to the sensations of touch and pain, and the autonomic
nervous system that connects to internal organs and generates autonomic reflex responses. The
autonomic nervous system consists of the sympathetic nervous system, which "mobilizes organs
and their functions during times of stress and arousal, and the parasympathetic nervous system,
which conserves energy and resources during times of rest and relaxation."5 (Bickley)
.
Determine the pairs of peripheral nerves
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
D. Sacral
E. Coccygeal - (answers)A. Cervical- 8
B. Thoracic- 12
C. Lumbar- 5
D. Sacral- 5
E. Coccygeal- 1
,- The PNS includes spinal and peripheral nerves that carry impulses to and from the cord. A total
of 31 pairs of spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral,
and 1 coccygeal. Each nerve has an anterior (ventral) root containing motor fibers, and a
posterior (dorsal) root containing sensory fibers. The anterior and posterior roots merge to form a
short spinal nerve, <5 mm long. Spinal nerve fibers commingle with similar fibers from other
levels in plexuses outside the cord, from which peripheral nerves emerge. Most peripheral nerves
contain both sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) fibers. (Bickley)
Determine the Cranial Nerve:
Oflactory: sense of smell
A. I
B. Ii
C. III
D. IV
E. V
F. Vi
G. VII
H. VIIi
I. IX
J. X
K. Xi
L. XII - (answers)XII Hypoglossal motor tongue
Determine the Cranial Nerve:
Optic: vision
A. II
B. I
C. III
D. IV
E. VI
F. V
G. VIII
, H. VII
I. IX
J. XI
K. X
L. XII - (answers)A. II
This mediate voluntary movement and integrate skilled, complicated, or delicate movements by
stim- ulating selected muscular actions and inhibiting others. They also carry impulses that
inhibit muscle tone, the slight tension maintained by normal muscle even when it is relaxed.
(Bickley)
A. Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
B. Basal Ganglia
C. Cerebellar system - (answers)A. Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
- The corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. The corticospinal tracts mediate voluntary movement and
integrate skilled, complicated, or delicate movements by stimulating selected muscular actions
and inhibiting others. They also carry impulses that inhibit muscle tone, the slight tension
maintained by normal muscle even when it is relaxed. The corticospinal tracts originate in the
motor cortex of the brain (Fig. 17-6). Motor fibers travel down into the lower medulla, where
they form an anatomical structure resembling a pyramid.
- There, most of these fibers cross to the opposite or contralateral side of the medulla, continue
downward, and synapse with anterior horn cells or with intermediate neurons. Tracts synapsing
in the brainstem with motor nuclei of the CNs are termed corticobulbar.
● The basal ganglia system. This exceedingly complex system includes motor pathways between
the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord. It helps to maintain muscle tone
and to control body movements, especially gross automatic movements such as walking.
● The cerebellar system. The cerebellum receives both sensory and motor input and coordinates
motor activity, maintains equilibrium, and helps to control posture. (Bickley)
When upper motor neuron systems are damaged above their crossover in the medulla, motor
impairment develops on and becomes (STA)
A. Ipsilateral
B. Contralateral
C. Exaggerated reflex
D. Lack of reflex - (answers)B. Contralateral & C. Exaggerated reflex
