PATH 1000 Final Exam Questions
&Complete Answers
What is pulWhat is pulmonary disease? - ANSWER -Type of disease that affects the
lungs and other associated parts of the respiratory system.
Describe pulmonary disease - ANSWER -Acute, obstructive, chronic or infectious/non-
infectious
Pulmonary disease can be associated with other organs - True or False - ANSWER -
True - the heart in particular
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease (8) - ANSWER --Dyspnea
-Cough
-Sputum
-Pain
-Cyanosis
-Clubbing
-Hemopysis
-Abnormal breathing patterns
Coughing up blood - ANSWER -hemoptysis
What is kussmal respiration? - ANSWER -increased respirations and tidal volumes
Alternating breathing patterns of deep and shallow breathing - ANSWER -cheyne-
stokes
What is hypoxemia - ANSWER -reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER -deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
What happens in respiratory failure? - ANSWER -Defined as inadequate gas exchange.
Can result from injury to lungs, airway or chest wall or indirectly from disease to other
body systems
What is flail chest? - ANSWER -Results from fractures of ribs, which allow ribs to move
independently during respiration
Clinical manifestations flail chest? (5) - ANSWER --Pain in chest
-Tenderness
-Difficulty breathing
-Bruising and inflammation
,-Paradoxical movement when breathing
What is primary (spontaneous) pneumothorax? - ANSWER -occurs when a small air
blister (bleb) on the top of the lung ruptures
What is secondary pneumothorax? - ANSWER -Caused by disease, trauma, injury, or
condition
What causes iatrogenic pneumothorax? - ANSWER -transthoracic needle aspiration
When is the difference between open and closed pneumothorax? - ANSWER -Open air
pressure enters into pleural space during inspiration and exits during expiration. Closed
air does not escape pleural space during expiration
Presence of fluid in plural space - ANSWER -pleural effusion
Collection of blood in the pleural space - ANSWER -hemothorax
Presence of pus in the plural space - ANSWER -Empyema
what is a restrictive lung disorder - ANSWER -decrease compliance of the lung tissue
What is the impact from restrictive lung disorders? - ANSWER -Individuals experience
dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, and decreased tidal volume
Passage of fluid and solid particles into the lung - ANSWER -Aspiration
Clinical manifestations of aspiration? - ANSWER --Sudden onset of choking
-Intractable cough
-fever
-dyspnea
-Wheezing
Collapse of lung tissue - ANSWER -atelectasis
What are the 3 types of atelectasis? - ANSWER -- Compression
- Absorption
- Surfactant
Clinical manifestations of atelectasis? (4) - ANSWER --Dyspnea
-Fever
-Cough
-Leukocytosis
persistant abnormal dilation of the bronchi - ANSWER -Bronchiectasis
,clinical manifestations include: chronic productive cough, a lot of foul smelling sputum,
hemoptysis and clubbing - ANSWER -bronchiectasis
excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lungs - ANSWER -pulmonary
fibrosis
Pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis - ANSWER -caused by formation of scar tissue
after active pulmonary diseases, autoimmune disorders, arthritis, or inhalation injuries -
chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis and marked loss of lung compliance
Can occur in otherwise healthy individuals in association with an upper or lower
respiratory tract infection - ANSWER -bronchiolitis in adults
excess water in the lungs - ANSWER -pulmonary edema
causes of pulmonary edema - ANSWER -left sided heart disease or capillary injury
clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema? (5) - ANSWER --Dyspnea
-Hypoxemia
-increased work of breathing
-Crackles (rales)
-Dullness on percussion
Treatment for pulmonary edema - ANSWER -depends on cause - left sided heart
failure: diuretics, vasodilators and medications, capillary injury: maintain adequate
ventilation and circulation
Represents a spectrum of acute lung inflammation and defuse alveolocapillary injury -
ANSWER -acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Clinical manifestations of ARDS? (6) - ANSWER --dyspnea
-hyperventilation
-decreased perfusion
-organ dysfunction
-increased work of breathing
-decreased tidal volume
What is asthma? - ANSWER -chronic lung disease causing narrowing and inflammation
of the airways particularly the bronchi and bronchioles
Clinical manifestations of asthma? - ANSWER -- chest constriction
- expiratory wheezing
- dyspnea
- non productive cough
- tachycardia
- tachypnea
, Treatments includes avoidance of irritants, short acting beta agonist inhalers -
ANSWER -treatment for asthma
common preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation
that is usually progressive with chronic inflammatory response in the airways -
ANSWER -chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Clinical manifestations of COPD - ANSWER --Shortness of breath
-wheezing
-chest tightness
-chronic cough
-frequent respiratory infections
-lack of energy
-unintended weight loss
treatment for COPD - ANSWER -Bronchodilators, oxygen, surged (bullectomy) (lung
volume reduction) (lung transplant), lifestyle changes
Hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough for at least 3 months of the year
- ANSWER -chronic obstructive bronchitis
abnormal enlargement of gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar
walls - ANSWER -emphysema
acute infections of inflammation of the airways or bronchi and is usually self limiting,
mostly caused by viruses - ANSWER -acute bronchitis
Clinical manifestations include: fever, cough, chills and malaise - ANSWER -acute
bronchitis
treatment for acute bronchitis - ANSWER --rest
-aspirin
-humidity
-cough suppressant
infection of the lower respiratory tract caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or
parasites - ANSWER -pneumonia
clinical manifestations include: fever, chills, productive dry cough, malaise, pleural pain,
dyspnea and hemoptysis - ANSWER -clinical manifestations of pneumonia
treatment for pneumonia includes - ANSWER -adequate ventilation and oxygen
adequate hydration
&Complete Answers
What is pulWhat is pulmonary disease? - ANSWER -Type of disease that affects the
lungs and other associated parts of the respiratory system.
Describe pulmonary disease - ANSWER -Acute, obstructive, chronic or infectious/non-
infectious
Pulmonary disease can be associated with other organs - True or False - ANSWER -
True - the heart in particular
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease (8) - ANSWER --Dyspnea
-Cough
-Sputum
-Pain
-Cyanosis
-Clubbing
-Hemopysis
-Abnormal breathing patterns
Coughing up blood - ANSWER -hemoptysis
What is kussmal respiration? - ANSWER -increased respirations and tidal volumes
Alternating breathing patterns of deep and shallow breathing - ANSWER -cheyne-
stokes
What is hypoxemia - ANSWER -reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER -deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues
What happens in respiratory failure? - ANSWER -Defined as inadequate gas exchange.
Can result from injury to lungs, airway or chest wall or indirectly from disease to other
body systems
What is flail chest? - ANSWER -Results from fractures of ribs, which allow ribs to move
independently during respiration
Clinical manifestations flail chest? (5) - ANSWER --Pain in chest
-Tenderness
-Difficulty breathing
-Bruising and inflammation
,-Paradoxical movement when breathing
What is primary (spontaneous) pneumothorax? - ANSWER -occurs when a small air
blister (bleb) on the top of the lung ruptures
What is secondary pneumothorax? - ANSWER -Caused by disease, trauma, injury, or
condition
What causes iatrogenic pneumothorax? - ANSWER -transthoracic needle aspiration
When is the difference between open and closed pneumothorax? - ANSWER -Open air
pressure enters into pleural space during inspiration and exits during expiration. Closed
air does not escape pleural space during expiration
Presence of fluid in plural space - ANSWER -pleural effusion
Collection of blood in the pleural space - ANSWER -hemothorax
Presence of pus in the plural space - ANSWER -Empyema
what is a restrictive lung disorder - ANSWER -decrease compliance of the lung tissue
What is the impact from restrictive lung disorders? - ANSWER -Individuals experience
dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, and decreased tidal volume
Passage of fluid and solid particles into the lung - ANSWER -Aspiration
Clinical manifestations of aspiration? - ANSWER --Sudden onset of choking
-Intractable cough
-fever
-dyspnea
-Wheezing
Collapse of lung tissue - ANSWER -atelectasis
What are the 3 types of atelectasis? - ANSWER -- Compression
- Absorption
- Surfactant
Clinical manifestations of atelectasis? (4) - ANSWER --Dyspnea
-Fever
-Cough
-Leukocytosis
persistant abnormal dilation of the bronchi - ANSWER -Bronchiectasis
,clinical manifestations include: chronic productive cough, a lot of foul smelling sputum,
hemoptysis and clubbing - ANSWER -bronchiectasis
excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in the lungs - ANSWER -pulmonary
fibrosis
Pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis - ANSWER -caused by formation of scar tissue
after active pulmonary diseases, autoimmune disorders, arthritis, or inhalation injuries -
chronic inflammation leads to fibrosis and marked loss of lung compliance
Can occur in otherwise healthy individuals in association with an upper or lower
respiratory tract infection - ANSWER -bronchiolitis in adults
excess water in the lungs - ANSWER -pulmonary edema
causes of pulmonary edema - ANSWER -left sided heart disease or capillary injury
clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema? (5) - ANSWER --Dyspnea
-Hypoxemia
-increased work of breathing
-Crackles (rales)
-Dullness on percussion
Treatment for pulmonary edema - ANSWER -depends on cause - left sided heart
failure: diuretics, vasodilators and medications, capillary injury: maintain adequate
ventilation and circulation
Represents a spectrum of acute lung inflammation and defuse alveolocapillary injury -
ANSWER -acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Clinical manifestations of ARDS? (6) - ANSWER --dyspnea
-hyperventilation
-decreased perfusion
-organ dysfunction
-increased work of breathing
-decreased tidal volume
What is asthma? - ANSWER -chronic lung disease causing narrowing and inflammation
of the airways particularly the bronchi and bronchioles
Clinical manifestations of asthma? - ANSWER -- chest constriction
- expiratory wheezing
- dyspnea
- non productive cough
- tachycardia
- tachypnea
, Treatments includes avoidance of irritants, short acting beta agonist inhalers -
ANSWER -treatment for asthma
common preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation
that is usually progressive with chronic inflammatory response in the airways -
ANSWER -chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Clinical manifestations of COPD - ANSWER --Shortness of breath
-wheezing
-chest tightness
-chronic cough
-frequent respiratory infections
-lack of energy
-unintended weight loss
treatment for COPD - ANSWER -Bronchodilators, oxygen, surged (bullectomy) (lung
volume reduction) (lung transplant), lifestyle changes
Hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough for at least 3 months of the year
- ANSWER -chronic obstructive bronchitis
abnormal enlargement of gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar
walls - ANSWER -emphysema
acute infections of inflammation of the airways or bronchi and is usually self limiting,
mostly caused by viruses - ANSWER -acute bronchitis
Clinical manifestations include: fever, cough, chills and malaise - ANSWER -acute
bronchitis
treatment for acute bronchitis - ANSWER --rest
-aspirin
-humidity
-cough suppressant
infection of the lower respiratory tract caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa or
parasites - ANSWER -pneumonia
clinical manifestations include: fever, chills, productive dry cough, malaise, pleural pain,
dyspnea and hemoptysis - ANSWER -clinical manifestations of pneumonia
treatment for pneumonia includes - ANSWER -adequate ventilation and oxygen
adequate hydration
