ACVREP O M FINAL EXAM GUIDE 2025 WITH
CORRECTLY VERIFIED ANSWERS|GUARANTEED
PASS
Orbit: - -Pyramid-shaped cavity in the skull.
-Lined by 7 orbital bone structures around the eyes that provide housing and protection sockets
for the globe.
Conjunctiva: - -Clear protective layer of mucous membrane lining the lids and covering
the sclera.
-Provides protection and helps foreign bodies out of the eye.
-It lubricates with clear viscous fluid and produces tears and mucus to act as a barrier.
Sclera: - -Tough, white outer layer of the eyeball next to the choroid -"White of the eye".
-Provides protection and helps maintain the shape of the globe.
-Contains collagen and also covers the optic nerve and back of the eye.
-Provides structure and strength for the inner parts of the eye.
Cornea: - -Window of the eye.
-Avascular, clear front portion of the outer layer of the eyeball.
-Covers iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.
-Delicate middle layer laced with blood vessels.
-Main function is to refract, or bend, light.
-Allows light rays to enter the eye and converges the light rays, -If scarred due to disease or
injury, can prevent light rays from reaching the retina.
Iris: - -Colored circular tissue/disk behind the cornea and in front of the lens (extension of
the ciliary body).
-Controls the amount of light entering the eye and separates the anterior and posterior
chambers.
,-Controls the size of the pupil through which light enters the eye.
Ciliary Muscle: - -Smooth muscle portion.
-The area of the ciliary body adjacent to the sclera.
-Alters the power of the lens for accommodation.
-Controls tension on fibers that hold the lens in place, thus allowing the lens to vary its
refractive power to permit clear focus at different distances.
Choroid: - -The vascular layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera.
-Provides nourishment (blood) to the retina.
-Forms part of the uvea along with the iris and ciliary body.
Retina: - -The inner sensory nerve layer next to the choroid that lines the posterior 2/3 of
the eyeball.
-Contains rods (night vision, movement, peripheral vision) and cones (color vision, central visual
acuity, detailed vision).
-Reacts to light and transmits electrical impulses to the brain through the optic nerve.
-If damaged or diseased, info from the orbital system is degraded or does not reach the brain.
Lens: - -The transparent biconcave structure behind the pupil.
-Helps bring light rays to focus on the retina.
· Lens opacity or (aphakia) absence of lens reduces clarity of focus.
Optic Nerves/Optic Pathways: - -Lead from the apex of the orbit back into the brain.
-At the back of the eye, carries impulses from the retina to the occipital lobes of the brain.
-It is the largest sensory nerve of the eye.
Optic Chiasm: - -Located at the base of the brain above the pituitary gland.
-X-shaped part of the retinal nerve fibers from the nasal side of each eye to the optic nerve in
the brain where the nerves cross to combine what both eyes are seeing for the brain to
interpret.
-Helps the eyes to work together as one.
-If one of these nerves is damaged, Hemniopsia occurs.
,Occipital Lobes: - -Located at the back of the brain in the rear part of each cerebral
hemisphere of the brain.
-Receives impulses and analyzes them for details for visual processing.
-Serves as a data-management function of the brain.
Temporal Lobes: - -Located on each side of the brain (near the ears).
-Serves as a visual library for comparing what is held in the occipital lobes to what is already
stored.
-Recognition.
-The right side deals with sounds, shapes, and colors.
-The left side deals with language and words.
Posterior Parietal Lobes - -Located at the top and center part of the brain.
-Integrates sensory information such as proprioception, touch, temperature, space navigation,
and language processing.
-It also helps with mapping and organizational and visual-vestibular senses.
Macular Degeneration: - -Progressive or degenerating damage to the central part of the
retina.
-The most common age-related eye condition in people over 50.
-2 Types: Wet & Dry.
-Dry is the most common form.
-Wet is severe (neovascularization occurs).
-It causes a gradual loss of central (but not peripheral) vision making it difficult to do any
detailed work or reading.
-Causes photophobia and poor color vision.
-Adaptations: Eccentric viewing using peripheral vision, magnification, filters, hat,
sunglasses/shades, high contrast.
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP): - -A group of disorders in which premature degeneration of the
eye's photoreceptors cells, rods, and cones, results in deterioration of the retina and
progressive visual loss.
, -Affects peripheral vision "tunnel vision".
-Night vision difficulties, visual field deficits.
-Progressive disease.
-Examples of Some Types:
-Lebers Congenital Amaurosis
-Ushers (Vision & Hearing Loss)
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP): - -Disease of the retina in premature infants.
-Results in underdevelopment of the retina.
-Excessive oxygen and low birth weight in infants.
-Comes about from a shortened gestation period or oxygen treatment, causing retinal scarring
due to immature blood vessels and retinal detachment causes reduced visual acuity.
Glaucoma: - -Refers to a group of diseases of the optic nerve.
-Due to optic nerve damage, peripheral vision begins to fade.
-In advanced cases, central vision can be lost as well.
-Causes increased pressure in the eye due to a blockage in the normal flow of the fluid in the
aqueous humor.
-May cause fluctuating visual function, peripheral field loss, poor night vision, photophobia,
difficulty seeing large objects at close range, contrast sensitivity decreases, pain/headaches, eye
redness, hazy cornea, wide open pupil, can lead to degeneration of optic disk and blindness if
untreated.
-Adaptations:
-Sunglasses, eyeshades, and lamps with direct lighting decreased glare, high contrast, and
magnification.
-The most Common Form: is Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG).
-POAG is caused when the aqueous does not flow out efficiently causing an increase in eye
pressure.
-This increase causes damage to the delicate nerve fibers of the optic nerve.
CORRECTLY VERIFIED ANSWERS|GUARANTEED
PASS
Orbit: - -Pyramid-shaped cavity in the skull.
-Lined by 7 orbital bone structures around the eyes that provide housing and protection sockets
for the globe.
Conjunctiva: - -Clear protective layer of mucous membrane lining the lids and covering
the sclera.
-Provides protection and helps foreign bodies out of the eye.
-It lubricates with clear viscous fluid and produces tears and mucus to act as a barrier.
Sclera: - -Tough, white outer layer of the eyeball next to the choroid -"White of the eye".
-Provides protection and helps maintain the shape of the globe.
-Contains collagen and also covers the optic nerve and back of the eye.
-Provides structure and strength for the inner parts of the eye.
Cornea: - -Window of the eye.
-Avascular, clear front portion of the outer layer of the eyeball.
-Covers iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.
-Delicate middle layer laced with blood vessels.
-Main function is to refract, or bend, light.
-Allows light rays to enter the eye and converges the light rays, -If scarred due to disease or
injury, can prevent light rays from reaching the retina.
Iris: - -Colored circular tissue/disk behind the cornea and in front of the lens (extension of
the ciliary body).
-Controls the amount of light entering the eye and separates the anterior and posterior
chambers.
,-Controls the size of the pupil through which light enters the eye.
Ciliary Muscle: - -Smooth muscle portion.
-The area of the ciliary body adjacent to the sclera.
-Alters the power of the lens for accommodation.
-Controls tension on fibers that hold the lens in place, thus allowing the lens to vary its
refractive power to permit clear focus at different distances.
Choroid: - -The vascular layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera.
-Provides nourishment (blood) to the retina.
-Forms part of the uvea along with the iris and ciliary body.
Retina: - -The inner sensory nerve layer next to the choroid that lines the posterior 2/3 of
the eyeball.
-Contains rods (night vision, movement, peripheral vision) and cones (color vision, central visual
acuity, detailed vision).
-Reacts to light and transmits electrical impulses to the brain through the optic nerve.
-If damaged or diseased, info from the orbital system is degraded or does not reach the brain.
Lens: - -The transparent biconcave structure behind the pupil.
-Helps bring light rays to focus on the retina.
· Lens opacity or (aphakia) absence of lens reduces clarity of focus.
Optic Nerves/Optic Pathways: - -Lead from the apex of the orbit back into the brain.
-At the back of the eye, carries impulses from the retina to the occipital lobes of the brain.
-It is the largest sensory nerve of the eye.
Optic Chiasm: - -Located at the base of the brain above the pituitary gland.
-X-shaped part of the retinal nerve fibers from the nasal side of each eye to the optic nerve in
the brain where the nerves cross to combine what both eyes are seeing for the brain to
interpret.
-Helps the eyes to work together as one.
-If one of these nerves is damaged, Hemniopsia occurs.
,Occipital Lobes: - -Located at the back of the brain in the rear part of each cerebral
hemisphere of the brain.
-Receives impulses and analyzes them for details for visual processing.
-Serves as a data-management function of the brain.
Temporal Lobes: - -Located on each side of the brain (near the ears).
-Serves as a visual library for comparing what is held in the occipital lobes to what is already
stored.
-Recognition.
-The right side deals with sounds, shapes, and colors.
-The left side deals with language and words.
Posterior Parietal Lobes - -Located at the top and center part of the brain.
-Integrates sensory information such as proprioception, touch, temperature, space navigation,
and language processing.
-It also helps with mapping and organizational and visual-vestibular senses.
Macular Degeneration: - -Progressive or degenerating damage to the central part of the
retina.
-The most common age-related eye condition in people over 50.
-2 Types: Wet & Dry.
-Dry is the most common form.
-Wet is severe (neovascularization occurs).
-It causes a gradual loss of central (but not peripheral) vision making it difficult to do any
detailed work or reading.
-Causes photophobia and poor color vision.
-Adaptations: Eccentric viewing using peripheral vision, magnification, filters, hat,
sunglasses/shades, high contrast.
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP): - -A group of disorders in which premature degeneration of the
eye's photoreceptors cells, rods, and cones, results in deterioration of the retina and
progressive visual loss.
, -Affects peripheral vision "tunnel vision".
-Night vision difficulties, visual field deficits.
-Progressive disease.
-Examples of Some Types:
-Lebers Congenital Amaurosis
-Ushers (Vision & Hearing Loss)
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP): - -Disease of the retina in premature infants.
-Results in underdevelopment of the retina.
-Excessive oxygen and low birth weight in infants.
-Comes about from a shortened gestation period or oxygen treatment, causing retinal scarring
due to immature blood vessels and retinal detachment causes reduced visual acuity.
Glaucoma: - -Refers to a group of diseases of the optic nerve.
-Due to optic nerve damage, peripheral vision begins to fade.
-In advanced cases, central vision can be lost as well.
-Causes increased pressure in the eye due to a blockage in the normal flow of the fluid in the
aqueous humor.
-May cause fluctuating visual function, peripheral field loss, poor night vision, photophobia,
difficulty seeing large objects at close range, contrast sensitivity decreases, pain/headaches, eye
redness, hazy cornea, wide open pupil, can lead to degeneration of optic disk and blindness if
untreated.
-Adaptations:
-Sunglasses, eyeshades, and lamps with direct lighting decreased glare, high contrast, and
magnification.
-The most Common Form: is Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG).
-POAG is caused when the aqueous does not flow out efficiently causing an increase in eye
pressure.
-This increase causes damage to the delicate nerve fibers of the optic nerve.
