AQA_2024: AS History - Challenge and Transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 Component 1G: Victorian and Edwardian Britain, c1851–1914 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme) AS

AQA_2024: AS History - Challenge and Transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 Component 1G: Victorian and Edwardian Britain, c1851–1914 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme) AS HISTORY Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964 Component 1G Victorian and Edwardian Britain, c1851–1914 Wednesday 15 May 2024 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Materials For this paper you must have:  an AQA 16-page answer book. Instructions  Use black ink or black ball-point pen.  Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Paper Reference is 7041/1G.  Answer two questions. In Section A answer Question 01. In Section B answer either Question 02 or Question 03. Information  The marks for questions are shown in brackets.  The maximum mark for this paper is 50.  You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Advice  You are advised to spend about: – 50 minutes on Section A – 40 minutes on Section B. For AS History: Challenge and Transformation: Britain, c1851–1964, Component 1G: Victorian and Edwardian Britain, c1851–1914, focus on the following key areas: 1. Victorian Society ():  Social Structure: Understand the social hierarchy, with a focus on the aristocracy, middle class, and working class. Explore how social divisions were maintained and the impacts of the Industrial Revolution on society.  Urbanization: Study the rapid growth of towns and cities due to industrialization, along with the living conditions of the poor in urban areas and the challenges of overcrowding and poor sanitation.  Industrial Revolution: Focus on the rise of industries, especially textiles, coal, and railways, and how industrialization changed Britain's economy, society, and political landscape. 2. Political Developments:  Liberal and Conservative Politics: Study the dominance of the Liberal and Conservative parties, key figures such as William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli, and their policies on reform, imperialism, and social issues.  Reforms: Focus on key reforms such as the Reform Acts (1867, 1884), which expanded the electorate and created shifts in political power. Understand Gladstone’s social reforms, including education and the extension of the vote.  Imperialism: Analyze Britain's imperial expansion, focusing on the British Empire in India, Africa, and other parts of the world, as well as debates over imperialism, including the “Scramble for Africa”. 3. Economic and Social Change:  Industrial Economy: Review the transformation of Britain’s economy due to industrialization, including the rise of factories, railways, and urbanization. Understand the economic growth and challenges, including working conditions and child labor.  Trade and Empire: Examine Britain’s dominance in world trade, the significance of the gold standard, and the role of the British Empire in maintaining economic supremacy.  Social Reform Movements: Study the growth of social reform movements advocating for better working conditions, the abolition of child labor, and improvements in public health. Key movements include Chartism and the Labour Representation Committee. 4. Key Social Issues:  Women’s Rights: Explore the rise of the suffrage movement, led by figures such as Emmeline Pankhurst and the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), advocating for women’s suffrage and equality.  Living Conditions: Review the impact of industrialization on the working class, particularly housing, health, and education. Understand the role of social reforms, such as those introduced by Joseph Chamberlain, to improve urban living conditions.  Health and Welfare: Focus on the rise of health and welfare reforms aimed at tackling poverty, child labor, and disease. The Factory Acts, Public Health Acts, and education reforms of the period were significant in shaping welfare policies. 5. Edwardian Britain (1901–1914):  Economic Stagnation: Study the challenges of economic stagnation, such as the decline of certain industries and the growth of industrial disputes in the early 20th century.  Social Unrest: Examine the social unrest of the period, including the women’s suffrage 7041/1G IB/M/Jun24/G4001/E4 2 Section A Answer Question 01. Extract A By 1880, the state had assumed powers to control the worst abuses and ensure minimum standards of health for a majority of its citizens. Inspectorates had been established to oversee working conditions in factories and mines, to control pollution and to watch over the operation of the poor law and education. All this had happened without any overall coordination of state action, and much of this legislation was permissive rather than compulsory, inadequately enforced or limited in scope. Yet, beneath the surface, a slow change was taking place, as the government came to realise the scale and nature of the problems to be tackled and the inadequacies of private and voluntary effort. Adapted from E Royle, Modern Britain, 1997 5 Extract B Many assumed that once a popular vote had been granted in 1867, collectivist social policies designed to raise living standards and to redistribute wealth would become inevitable. However, this appears not to have been the case. Gladstone’s governments concentrated more on political, legal and religious reforms than on social, and Disraeli’s efforts made little impact. By 1880, the tendency was towards less social intervention in spite of the increase in the electorate. Working men placed less importance on social reforms than on wage rates and conditions of employment, which were largely regarded as beyond the control of the government. The most welcome benefits were those obtained through membership of cooperative societies, friendly societies and trade unions. Adapted from M Pugh, State and Society, 2008 5 10 0 1 With reference to these extracts and your understanding of the historical context, which of these two extracts provides the more convincing interpretation of social reform in the years 1868 to 1880? [25 marks] IB/M/Jun24/7041/1G 3 Section B Answer either Question 02 or Question 03. Either 0 2 ‘Britain’s economic growth, in the years 1851 to 1873, was due to free trade and laissez-faire policies.’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view. [25 marks] or 0 3 ‘The Liberals dominated the years 1905 to 1914 due to the mistakes and weaknesses of the Conservatives.’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view. [25 marks] END OF QUESTIONS IB/M/Jun24/7041/1G 4