AQA_2024: AS History - Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 Component 1H: Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme) AS

AQA_2024: AS History - Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 Component 1H: Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme) AS HISTORY Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964 Component 1H Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917 Wednesday 15 May 2024 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Materials For this paper you must have:  an AQA 16-page answer book. Instructions  Use black ink or black ball-point pen.  Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Paper Reference is 7041/1H.  Answer two questions. In Section A answer Question 01. In Section B answer either Question 02 or Question 03. Information  The marks for questions are shown in brackets.  The maximum mark for this paper is 50.  You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Advice  You are advised to spend about: – 50 minutes on Section A – 40 minutes on Section B. For AS History: Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964, Component 1H: Autocracy, Reform and Revolution: Russia, 1855–1917, focus on the following key areas: 1. Tsarist Autocracy (1855–1917):  Tsar Nicholas I: Understand the political system under Tsar Nicholas I, who upheld autocratic rule through repression and censorship. Focus on his policy of Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationalism.  Tsar Alexander II: Study his reforms including the Emancipation of the Serfs (1861), which had significant social and economic consequences, and the limitations of his reforms. 2. Reforms and Attempts at Modernization:  Emancipation of the Serfs (1861): Study the causes, process, and aftermath of the Emancipation, including the peasants' dissatisfaction due to the system of land redemption payments.  Economic Modernization: Understand attempts to modernize the Russian economy, including the industrialization under Sergei Witte and the development of the railways, which had mixed results. 3. Social and Political Tensions:  Class Structure: Study the Russian class system, including the nobility, peasants, and growing industrial working class, and how these groups were impacted by reform and revolution.  The Intelligentsia: Understand the role of intellectuals in Russian society, their demand for change, and how they contributed to political movements like Marxism. 4. Revolution of 1905:  Causes: Analyze the causes of the 1905 Revolution, including the Russo-Japanese War, poor living conditions, and political repression.  Key Events: Focus on Bloody Sunday (1905), the rise of soviets, the creation of the October Manifesto, and the formation of the Duma. 5. 6. The Role of Key Figures:  Tsar Nicholas II: Examine his weaknesses as a ruler, including his failure to adapt to political and social change, leading to the downfall of the Tsarist regime.  Rasputin: Study Rasputin's influence on the royal family and how his controversial presence in court contributed to the erosion of trust in the monarchy.  Revolutionaries: Focus on the roles of revolutionary figures such as Lenin, Trotsky, Kerensky, and the various political groups vying for power during this period. 7. Key Themes:  Autocracy vs. Reform: Focus on the tension between autocratic rule and the demands for reform, leading to the eventual collapse of the Tsarist regime.  Revolutionary Movements: Study the rise of revolutionary movements and their opposition to the Tsarist regime.  Impact of War: Review how military defeats and the strain of war accelerated the collapse of the Tsarist system. 7041/1H IB/M/Jun24/E3 2 Section A Answer Question 01. Extract A Enlightened ideas circulating in the government of Alexander II shaped the rightly-named ‘Great Reforms’ of the 1860s. Freedoms were granted to change society and create a dynamic economy. The serfs were emancipated and the groundwork laid for the development of peasant agriculture. The establishment of the zemstva was another major reform, while judicial reforms set up an independent legal system and new laws relaxed censorship, reformed primary schools and modernised the military. The enormous state was completely remodelled. Between 1861 and 1894, nearly 40% of the gentry’s land was sold to peasants. The zemstva pursued a mission to overcome backwardness; annual zemstva expenditure on education increased from 15 million roubles in 1868 to almost 96 million by the mid-1890s. Adapted from O Figes, A People’s Tragedy, 1996 5 10 Extract B Defeat in the Crimea brought action. However, the government conceded less than liberals had hoped and the overall effect of the reforms was to increase the power of the government. The serfs were freed, although they remained, in effect, tied to the land. The zemstva looked like genuinely democratic institutions, yet the Russian government was too jealous of its own powers to permit them an independent role. The judicial reform created new courts, but the government limited their authority. Other reforms were similarly limited. After 1866 Alexander II turned away from reform and his son, Alexander III, was even more conservative. By the end of his reign it was clear that reform had failed. Adapted from D Christian, Imperial and Soviet Russia, 1986 5 0 1 With reference to these extracts and your understanding of the historical context, which of these two extracts provides the more convincing interpretation of the ‘Great Reforms’ and their impact by 1894? [25 marks] IB/M/Jun24/7041/1H 3 Section B Answer either Question 02 or Question 03. Either 0 2 ‘Russia became an industrialised country in the years 1855 to 1894.’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view. [25 marks] or 0 3 ‘There was no significant change in tsarist political authority in Russia in the years c1900 to 1914.’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view. [25 marks] END OF QUESTIONS IB/M/Jun24/7041/1H 4 There are no questions printed on this