AQA_2024: AS History - The British Empire, c1857–1967 Component 1J: The High Water Mark of the British Empire, c1857–1914 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme)

AQA_2024: AS History - The British Empire, c1857–1967 Component 1J: The High Water Mark of the British Empire, c1857–1914 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme) AS HISTORY The British Empire, c1857–1967 Component 1J The High Water Mark of the British Empire, c1857–1914 Wednesday 15 May 2024 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Materials For this paper you must have:  an AQA 16-page answer book. Instructions  Use black ink or black ball-point pen.  Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Paper Reference is 7041/1J.  Answer two questions. In Section A answer Question 01. In Section B answer either Question 02 or Question 03. Information  The marks for questions are shown in brackets.  The maximum mark for this paper is 50.  You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Advice  You are advised to spend about: – 50 minutes on Section A – 40 minutes on Section B. For AS History: The British Empire, c1857–1967, Component 1J: The High Water Mark of the British Empire, c1857–1914, focus on the following key areas: 1. The Context of the British Empire (1857–1914):  Victorian Imperialism: Understand the ideological and economic motivations behind British imperialism during Queen Victoria’s reign, including the desire for trade, resources, and prestige. 2. Expansion and Consolidation of the Empire:  India: Analyze the impact of the Indian Mutiny (1857) on British rule, and how Britain transformed its control over India, leading to direct British governance (Raj) from 1858.  Africa: Study the "Scramble for Africa" (1880s–1914) and key territories such as Egypt, South Africa, and East Africa, with particular focus on British interests, the construction of the Suez Canal (1869), and conflicts like the Boer War (). 3. Economic Motivations and Trade:  Economic Dominance: Focus on Britain’s global economic dominance during the period, particularly its control over international trade routes, raw materials, and key markets.  The Role of the Navy: Review the importance of the British Navy in maintaining imperial control and securing British interests globally, particularly the Royal Navy’s role in protecting sea lanes. 6. British Colonial Administration:  Direct vs. Indirect Rule: Study the differences in colonial governance, focusing on direct rule in India and indirect rule in African colonies like Nigeria.  British Colonial Policies: Understand the various policies implemented by British officials, including land policies, taxation, and education systems designed to maintain imperial control. 7. The Rise of Nationalism and Imperial Challenges:  Indian Nationalism: Analyze the rise of Indian nationalism, including the formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) and its push for reforms and independence.  Nationalist Movements in Africa: Study the early stirrings of nationalist movements in Africa and the growing opposition to British imperialism.  Internal Challenges in the British Empire: Examine tensions within the Empire, including issues like racial inequality, the economic strain of maintaining such a large empire, and conflicts such as the Irish Home Rule Movement. 8. The British Empire’s Global Influence:  Cultural Impact: Explore the cultural and intellectual impact of the Empire, including the spread of the English language, literature, and legal systems.  The “White Man’s Burden”: Understand the concept of the "White Man’s Burden" as a justification 10. Key Themes:  Economic and Political Power: Focus on Britain’s economic dominance and political control over a vast network of colonies.  Racial and Social Hierarchies: Explore the imperial ideologies that justified colonial rule and how they affected both the British and the colonized peoples.  Nationalism and Resistance: Study the early signs of nationalist movements that would later lead to the independence of many colonies. 7041/1J IB/M/Jun24/G4001/E4 2 Section A Answer Question 01. Extract A By 1900, for the first time since 1857, the British government was confronted by widespread discontent from different groups in India. The years 1906 and 1907 witnessed the growth of small terrorist cells which attracted plenty of university graduates. Nationalist newspapers publicised the idea that Indian self-government could only be achieved by violent revolution and what followed was a sequence of strikes, riots and stonings of British officials. Terrorist outrages, an irresponsible and hostile popular press, and the emergence of a body of nationalists who wished to seize power violently from the British, created the impression that, in 1914, the Raj was more unsafe than at any time since 1857. Adapted from L James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India, 1997 5 Extract B From the point of view of imperial security, the British government’s policy in India was a great success after 1900. Britain made its colonial control tolerable enough to restrict opposition to its rule. This came mainly through the granting of timely concessions to win the cooperation of moderate nationalists. The Morley–Minto reforms announced in 1909 were welcomed by the moderates in the Congress Party, and extremists were suppressed through deportation. Only very rarely between 1900 and 1914 did opposition break into armed insurrection or violence. There were bombs and assassinations, and the occasional riot in India, but such violent resistance was exceptional. Adapted from B Porter, The Lion’s Share: A Short History of British Imperialism 1850–2004, 2004 5 0 1 With reference to these extracts and your understanding of the historical context, which of these two extracts provides the more convincing interpretation of the strength of British rule in India in the years 1900 to 1914? [25 marks] IB/M/Jun24/7041/1J 3 Section B Answer either Question 02 or Question 03. Either 0 2 ‘In the years 1872 to 1885, Gladstone’s governments did more to expand and protect the British Empire than Disraeli’s government.’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view. [25 marks] or 0 3 ‘In the years 1867 to 1890, Britain’s involvement in Africa was driven by economic interests.’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view. [25 marks] END OF QUESTIONS IB/M/Jun24/7041/1J 4 There are no questions print