AQA_2024: AS History - The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 Component 1A: The Crusader States and Outremer, c1071–1149 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme)

AQA_2024: AS History - The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 Component 1A: The Crusader States and Outremer, c1071–1149 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme) AS HISTORY The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204 Component 1A The Crusader states and Outremer, c1071–1149 Wednesday 15 May 2024 Afternoon Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Materials For this paper you must have:  an AQA 16-page answer book. Instructions  Use black ink or black ball-point pen.  Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Paper Reference is 7041/1A.  Answer two questions. In Section A answer Question 01. In Section B answer either Question 02 or Question 03. Information  The marks for questions are shown in brackets.  The maximum mark for this paper is 50.  You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Advice  You are advised to spend about: – 50 minutes on Section A – 40 minutes on Section B. For AS History: The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204, Component 1A: The Crusader States and Outremer, c1071–1149, focus on the following key areas: 1. The Formation of the Crusader States:  The First Crusade (): Understand the motivations, key events, and outcomes of the First Crusade, leading to the establishment of Crusader states in the Levant.  Key Figures: Focus on important leaders such as Godfrey of Bouillon, Baldwin I, and Raymond IV. Understand their roles in the Crusader conquests and establishment of states.  Geopolitical Context: Understand the political situation in the region prior to and after the First Crusade, including the role of the Byzantine Empire, the Seljuk Turks, and the Fatimids. 2. The Structure and Administration of the Crusader States:  Outremer: Be familiar with the four main Crusader states: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Tripoli. Know their geography, political structure, and key events.  Feudal System: Understand the feudal system that governed the Crusader states, including the role of the nobility, knights, and vassals. Focus on the relationships between the Crusader states and their European backers.  Military and Defense: Review the military organization of the Crusader states, the role of the military orders like the Knights Templar, and the strategic importance of castles and fortifications. 3. Challenges Faced by the Crusader States:  Internal Challenges: Look at the internal conflicts, power struggles, and division between Crusader leaders that weakened the unity of the Crusader states.  External Threats: Study the challenges posed by Muslim forces, particularly the Seljuks and the Fatimids, as well as the reconquest efforts led by leaders such as Zengi and his son Nur ad-Din.  Relations with the Byzantine Empire: Understand the complex relationship between the Crusader states and the Byzantine Empire, focusing on alliances, tensions, and the eventual collapse of Byzantine support. 4. The Role of Religion and the Church:  The Influence of the Church: Review the role of the Latin Church and religious motivations for the Crusades. Consider the support provided by the Pope and the church’s impact on the legitimacy of the Crusader states.  Religious Conflict and Tolerance: Analyze the religious dynamics between the Crusaders and the local populations (Muslims, Jews, and Eastern Christians) in the Crusader states. 5. The Decline of the Crusader States (c1130s–1149):  The Fall of Edessa (1144): Understand the significance of the fall of Edessa to Zengi and how it influenced the Second Crusade.  The Second Crusade (): Examine the events and outcomes of the Second Crusade, including its failure and the impact it had on the Crusader states. 7041/1A IB/M/Jun24/G4001/E2 2 Section A Answer Question 01. Extract A In the late summer of 1071, the Seljuk forces of Alp-Arslan met the Byzantine army at Manzikert and inflicted on it a bloody and disastrous defeat. Two years later the well-planned invasion and occupation of Anatolia by the Seljuks began. There was little opposition. Within less than a decade nearly all of that prosperous and fertile region was under the control of the Seljuks. Nor was this the only Byzantine loss. The treasury was empty. The navy had ceased to exist. Trade was at a standstill. The currency was ruined. History has few examples to show of a collapse so sudden and so complete as this. Adapted from RJH Jenkins, The Byzantine Empire on the Eve of the Crusades, 1968 5 Extract B The Byzantine army does not seem to have suffered heavy casualties at Manzikert. The army commanders were able to escape with most of their troops. As a result of the battle, the Byzantines lost little or no territory, yet Manzikert confirmed Seljuk dominance. The defeat at Manzikert has always been taken as one of the turning points of Byzantine history, yet there was nothing in the defeat which pointed to the swift conquest of Anatolia by the Seljuks, which followed. The defeat is not therefore a satisfactory explanation of the fall of Anatolia. It is altogether more complicated than that; by their victory at Manzikert the Seljuks were given the opportunity to exploit the political weaknesses of the Byzantine Empire. Adapted from M Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025–1204, 1997 5 0 1 With reference to these extracts and your understanding of the historical context, which of these two extracts provides the more convincing interpretation of the impact of the Battle of Manzikert on the Byzantine Em