,Table of Content
k k
Chapterk01:kCellularkBiology ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapterk02:kGeneskandkGenetickDiseases ................................................................................................................... 13
Chapterk03:kEpigeneticskandkDisease ......................................................................................................................... 23
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapterk04:kAlteredkCellularkandkTissuekBiology ...................................................................................................... 27
Huetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,k6thkEdition ......................................................................... 39
Chapterk06:kInnatekImmunity:kInflammationkandkWoundkHealingkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiol
ogy,k6thkEdition.......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Chapterk07:kAdaptivekImmunity ................................................................................................................................ 60
Chapterk08:kInfectionkandkDefectskinkMechanismskofkDefensekHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology
,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 66
SINGTB.COM............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapterk09:kStresskandkDisease .................................................................................................................................. 76
Chapterk10:kBiology,kClinicalkManifestations,kandkTreatmentkofkCancerkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathop
hysiology,k6thkEdition ................................................................................................................................................ 81
Chapterk11:kCancerkEpidemiology ............................................................................................................................. 87
Chapterk12:kCancerkinkChildren ................................................................................................................................. 91
Chapterk13:kStructurekandkFunctionkofktheNeurologickSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology
,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 94
Chapterk14:kPain,kTemperature,kSleep,kandkSensorykFunctionkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,
k6thkEdition .............................................................................................................................................................. 105
Chapterk15:kAlterationskinkCognitivekSystems,kCerebralkHemodynamics,kandkMotorkFunction .............................. 116
Chapterk16:kDisorderskofktheCentralkandkPeripheralkNervouskSystemskandktheNeuromuscularkJunction ................. 126
Chapterk17:kAlterationskofkNeurologickFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,k
6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 138
Chapterk18:kMechanismskofkHormonalkRegulation .................................................................................................. 147
Chapterk19:kAlterationskofkHormonalkRegulation .................................................................................................... 156
Chapterk20:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekHematologickSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiolo
gy,k6thkEdition.......................................................................................................................................................... 169
Chapterk21:kAlterationskofkHematologickFunction ................................................................................................... 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapterk22:kAlterationskofkHematologickFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology
,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................. 192
Chapterk23:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekCardiovascularkandkLymphatickSystemskHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstand
ingkPathophysiology,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................. 200
Chapterk24:kAlterationskofkCardiovascularkFunction................................................................................................ 210
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapterk25:kAlterationskofkCardiovascularkFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiolo
gy,k6thkEdition.......................................................................................................................................................... 229
SkNkTkkk O....................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapterk26:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekPulmonarykSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology
,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................. 236
Chapterk27:kAlterationskofkPulmonarykFunction ...................................................................................................... 245
, Chapterk28:kAlterationskofkPulmonarykFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,k
6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 257
Chapterk29:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekRenalkandkUrologickSystemskHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathop
hysiology,k6thkEdition .............................................................................................................................................. 265
Chapterk30:kAlterationskofkRenalkandkUrinarykTractkFunctionkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,
k6thkEdition .............................................................................................................................................................. 273
Chapterk31:kAlterationskofkRenalkandkUrinarykTractkFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPatho
physiology,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................ 280
Chapterk32:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekReproductivekSystemskHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiol
ogy,k6thkEdition........................................................................................................................................................ 286
Chapterk33:kAlterationskofkthekFemalekReproductivekSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,k
6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 295
Chapterk34:kAlterationskofkthekMalekReproductivekSystem ...................................................................................... 300
Chapterk35:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekDigestivekSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,k
6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 305
Chapterk36:kAlterationskofkDigestivekFunction......................................................................................................... 312
Chapterk37:kAlterationskofkDigestivekFunctionkinkChildren ...................................................................................... 325
Chapterk38:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekMusculoskeletalkSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysi
ology,k6thkEdition .................................................................................................................................................... 334
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapterk39:kAlterationskofkMusculoskeletalkFunction.............................................................................................. 342
Chapterk40:kAlterationskofkMusculoskeletalkFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiol
ogy,k6thkEdition........................................................................................................................................................ 352
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapterk41:kStructure,kFunction,kandkDisorderskofkthekIntegumentkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysio
logy,k6thkEdition ...................................................................................................................................................... 357
Chapterk42:kAlterationskofkthekIntegumentkinkChildren ............................................................................................ 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
k k k
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
k k k k k k
MULTIPLEkCHOICE
1. Akstudentkiskobservingkakcellkunderkthekmicroscope.kItkiskobservedktokhaveksupercoiledkDNAk
withkhistones.kWhichkofkthekfollowingkwouldkalsokbekobservedkbykthekstudent?
a. Aksinglekcircularkchromosome
b. Aknucleus
c. Free-floatingknuclearkmaterial
d. Nokorganelles
ANS:k B
Thekcellkdescribedkiskakeukaryotickcell,ksokitkhaskhistoneskandkaksupercoiledkDNAkwithinkitskn
ucleus;kthus,ktheknucleuskshouldkbekobserved.kAksinglekcircularkchromosomekcalledkakprokar
yotekcontainskfree-floatingknuclearkmaterialkbutkhasknokorganelles.
REF:kp.k2
2. Aknursekiskinstructingkthekstaffkaboutkcellularkfunctions.kWhichkcellularkfunctionkisktheknursekd
escribingkwhenkankisolatedkcellkabsorbskoxygenkandkuseskitktoktransformknutrientsktokenergy?
a. Metabolickabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:kD
Thekcell’skabilityktokabsorbkoxygenkiskreferredktokaskrespirationkwhilekitskcommunicationkabilityki
nvolveskmaintenancekofkaksteadykdynamickstate,kmetabolickabsorptionkprovidesknutrition,kandkse
cretionkallowskforktheksynthesizingkofknewksubstances.
REF:kp.k2
3. AkeukaryotickcellkiskundergoingkDNAkreplication.kInkwhichkregionkofkthekcellkwouldkmostkofkt
hekgenetickinformationkbekcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleuskCytoplasm
ANS:kC
Thekregionkofkthekcellkthatkcontainskgenetickmaterial,kincludingkaklargekamountkofkribonucleicka
cid,kmostkofkthekDNA,kandkDNA-
bindingkproteins,kisktheknucleolus,kwhichkisklocatedkwithinkthekcell’sknucleus.kMitochondriakisk
associatedkwithkcellularkrespiration,kwhilekribosomeskarekinvolvedkwithkproteinkmanufacturin
g.kCytoplasmkiskakfluidkfillingkthatkiskakcomponentkofkthekcell.
REF:kp.k2
k k
Chapterk01:kCellularkBiology ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapterk02:kGeneskandkGenetickDiseases ................................................................................................................... 13
Chapterk03:kEpigeneticskandkDisease ......................................................................................................................... 23
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapterk04:kAlteredkCellularkandkTissuekBiology ...................................................................................................... 27
Huetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,k6thkEdition ......................................................................... 39
Chapterk06:kInnatekImmunity:kInflammationkandkWoundkHealingkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiol
ogy,k6thkEdition.......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Chapterk07:kAdaptivekImmunity ................................................................................................................................ 60
Chapterk08:kInfectionkandkDefectskinkMechanismskofkDefensekHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology
,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 66
SINGTB.COM............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapterk09:kStresskandkDisease .................................................................................................................................. 76
Chapterk10:kBiology,kClinicalkManifestations,kandkTreatmentkofkCancerkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathop
hysiology,k6thkEdition ................................................................................................................................................ 81
Chapterk11:kCancerkEpidemiology ............................................................................................................................. 87
Chapterk12:kCancerkinkChildren ................................................................................................................................. 91
Chapterk13:kStructurekandkFunctionkofktheNeurologickSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology
,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 94
Chapterk14:kPain,kTemperature,kSleep,kandkSensorykFunctionkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,
k6thkEdition .............................................................................................................................................................. 105
Chapterk15:kAlterationskinkCognitivekSystems,kCerebralkHemodynamics,kandkMotorkFunction .............................. 116
Chapterk16:kDisorderskofktheCentralkandkPeripheralkNervouskSystemskandktheNeuromuscularkJunction ................. 126
Chapterk17:kAlterationskofkNeurologickFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,k
6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 138
Chapterk18:kMechanismskofkHormonalkRegulation .................................................................................................. 147
Chapterk19:kAlterationskofkHormonalkRegulation .................................................................................................... 156
Chapterk20:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekHematologickSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiolo
gy,k6thkEdition.......................................................................................................................................................... 169
Chapterk21:kAlterationskofkHematologickFunction ................................................................................................... 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapterk22:kAlterationskofkHematologickFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology
,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................. 192
Chapterk23:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekCardiovascularkandkLymphatickSystemskHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstand
ingkPathophysiology,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................. 200
Chapterk24:kAlterationskofkCardiovascularkFunction................................................................................................ 210
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM............................................................................................................................................................. 223
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapterk25:kAlterationskofkCardiovascularkFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiolo
gy,k6thkEdition.......................................................................................................................................................... 229
SkNkTkkk O....................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapterk26:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekPulmonarykSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology
,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................. 236
Chapterk27:kAlterationskofkPulmonarykFunction ...................................................................................................... 245
, Chapterk28:kAlterationskofkPulmonarykFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,k
6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 257
Chapterk29:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekRenalkandkUrologickSystemskHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathop
hysiology,k6thkEdition .............................................................................................................................................. 265
Chapterk30:kAlterationskofkRenalkandkUrinarykTractkFunctionkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,
k6thkEdition .............................................................................................................................................................. 273
Chapterk31:kAlterationskofkRenalkandkUrinarykTractkFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPatho
physiology,k6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................ 280
Chapterk32:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekReproductivekSystemskHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiol
ogy,k6thkEdition........................................................................................................................................................ 286
Chapterk33:kAlterationskofkthekFemalekReproductivekSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,k
6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 295
Chapterk34:kAlterationskofkthekMalekReproductivekSystem ...................................................................................... 300
Chapterk35:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekDigestivekSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiology,k
6thkEdition ............................................................................................................................................................... 305
Chapterk36:kAlterationskofkDigestivekFunction......................................................................................................... 312
Chapterk37:kAlterationskofkDigestivekFunctionkinkChildren ...................................................................................... 325
Chapterk38:kStructurekandkFunctionkofkthekMusculoskeletalkSystemkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysi
ology,k6thkEdition .................................................................................................................................................... 334
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapterk39:kAlterationskofkMusculoskeletalkFunction.............................................................................................. 342
Chapterk40:kAlterationskofkMusculoskeletalkFunctionkinkChildrenkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysiol
ogy,k6thkEdition........................................................................................................................................................ 352
UkSNkT O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapterk41:kStructure,kFunction,kandkDisorderskofkthekIntegumentkHuetherk&kMcCance:kUnderstandingkPathophysio
logy,k6thkEdition ...................................................................................................................................................... 357
Chapterk42:kAlterationskofkthekIntegumentkinkChildren ............................................................................................ 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
k k k
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
k k k k k k
MULTIPLEkCHOICE
1. Akstudentkiskobservingkakcellkunderkthekmicroscope.kItkiskobservedktokhaveksupercoiledkDNAk
withkhistones.kWhichkofkthekfollowingkwouldkalsokbekobservedkbykthekstudent?
a. Aksinglekcircularkchromosome
b. Aknucleus
c. Free-floatingknuclearkmaterial
d. Nokorganelles
ANS:k B
Thekcellkdescribedkiskakeukaryotickcell,ksokitkhaskhistoneskandkaksupercoiledkDNAkwithinkitskn
ucleus;kthus,ktheknucleuskshouldkbekobserved.kAksinglekcircularkchromosomekcalledkakprokar
yotekcontainskfree-floatingknuclearkmaterialkbutkhasknokorganelles.
REF:kp.k2
2. Aknursekiskinstructingkthekstaffkaboutkcellularkfunctions.kWhichkcellularkfunctionkisktheknursekd
escribingkwhenkankisolatedkcellkabsorbskoxygenkandkuseskitktoktransformknutrientsktokenergy?
a. Metabolickabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:kD
Thekcell’skabilityktokabsorbkoxygenkiskreferredktokaskrespirationkwhilekitskcommunicationkabilityki
nvolveskmaintenancekofkaksteadykdynamickstate,kmetabolickabsorptionkprovidesknutrition,kandkse
cretionkallowskforktheksynthesizingkofknewksubstances.
REF:kp.k2
3. AkeukaryotickcellkiskundergoingkDNAkreplication.kInkwhichkregionkofkthekcellkwouldkmostkofkt
hekgenetickinformationkbekcontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. NucleuskCytoplasm
ANS:kC
Thekregionkofkthekcellkthatkcontainskgenetickmaterial,kincludingkaklargekamountkofkribonucleicka
cid,kmostkofkthekDNA,kandkDNA-
bindingkproteins,kisktheknucleolus,kwhichkisklocatedkwithinkthekcell’sknucleus.kMitochondriakisk
associatedkwithkcellularkrespiration,kwhilekribosomeskarekinvolvedkwithkproteinkmanufacturin
g.kCytoplasmkiskakfluidkfillingkthatkiskakcomponentkofkthekcell.
REF:kp.k2
