Pediatric Echocardiography 2024/2025
Exam Questions Marking Scheme New
Update | A+ Rated
Levoposition - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔most of the cardiac mass is to the left of
midline
Dextroposition - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔most of the cardiac mass is to the right of
midline
Mesoposition - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the heart is evenly divided around the
midline
Connection - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The exact anatomic attachment of the
pulmonary vein to a chamber or other vein
Drainage - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Venous flow may be directed or flow to a
chamber other than, or in addition to the one that it is connected to as a
result of an ASD or malpositioned IAS
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC) - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔All pulmonary veins from both lungs don't connect to the LA. May
connect to the RA or other veins. Must have an ASD or PFO to survive
Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (PAPVC) - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Abnormal connection of pulmonary veins to the LA. At least one will be
connected. Many variations for the other connections. May have an ASD.
Supracardiac TAPVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The pulmonary veins come together
in a common channel that enters a "vertical vein" (remnant of the cardinal
and splanchnic systems), usually on the left side of the chest. This drains
into the inominate vein. This is the most common type of TAPVC.
Cardiac TAPVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔All pulmonary veins connect to a vein that
directly enters the right side of the heart--usually the coronary sinus.
Infracardiac TAPVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔All of the pulmonary veins connect to
a vertical vein that descends below the diaphragm.
Sinus Venosus Defect - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔There is absence of the sinus
venosus tissue between the right pulmonary vein and the SVC
Syndromes associated with PAPVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Turner and noonan
syndromes
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Syndromes associated with TAPVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Cat-eye, Holt-Oram,
and asplenia syndromes
Persistent LSVC to the CS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Most common systemic
venous anomaly. LSVC normally passes in front of the left PA and aortic
arch.
LSVC to the CS with an atretic RSVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Rare. The right-
sided head and neck vessels drain via the R. inominate vein into the LSVC,
then into a dilated CS
LSVC to the LA - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Rare, isolated defect. CS is usually
absent. Without communication between the atria, patients present early in
infancy with cyanosis. Presence of a connecting vein between the right and
left SVCs allows decompression of the LA blood into the RSVC. If no
connecting vein, saline injection into left arm will show up in LA.
Dilated CS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔a response to abnormally increased volume or
pressure. Causes include persistent LSVC, coronary sinoseptal defect,
PAPVC or TAPVC into CS, coronary arteriovenous fistula, and total or
partial anomalous hepatic venous drainage into the CS.
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Exam Questions Marking Scheme New
Update | A+ Rated
Levoposition - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔most of the cardiac mass is to the left of
midline
Dextroposition - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔most of the cardiac mass is to the right of
midline
Mesoposition - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔the heart is evenly divided around the
midline
Connection - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The exact anatomic attachment of the
pulmonary vein to a chamber or other vein
Drainage - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Venous flow may be directed or flow to a
chamber other than, or in addition to the one that it is connected to as a
result of an ASD or malpositioned IAS
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
1
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC) - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔All pulmonary veins from both lungs don't connect to the LA. May
connect to the RA or other veins. Must have an ASD or PFO to survive
Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (PAPVC) - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Abnormal connection of pulmonary veins to the LA. At least one will be
connected. Many variations for the other connections. May have an ASD.
Supracardiac TAPVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The pulmonary veins come together
in a common channel that enters a "vertical vein" (remnant of the cardinal
and splanchnic systems), usually on the left side of the chest. This drains
into the inominate vein. This is the most common type of TAPVC.
Cardiac TAPVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔All pulmonary veins connect to a vein that
directly enters the right side of the heart--usually the coronary sinus.
Infracardiac TAPVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔All of the pulmonary veins connect to
a vertical vein that descends below the diaphragm.
Sinus Venosus Defect - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔There is absence of the sinus
venosus tissue between the right pulmonary vein and the SVC
Syndromes associated with PAPVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Turner and noonan
syndromes
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
2
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, Syndromes associated with TAPVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Cat-eye, Holt-Oram,
and asplenia syndromes
Persistent LSVC to the CS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Most common systemic
venous anomaly. LSVC normally passes in front of the left PA and aortic
arch.
LSVC to the CS with an atretic RSVC - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Rare. The right-
sided head and neck vessels drain via the R. inominate vein into the LSVC,
then into a dilated CS
LSVC to the LA - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Rare, isolated defect. CS is usually
absent. Without communication between the atria, patients present early in
infancy with cyanosis. Presence of a connecting vein between the right and
left SVCs allows decompression of the LA blood into the RSVC. If no
connecting vein, saline injection into left arm will show up in LA.
Dilated CS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔a response to abnormally increased volume or
pressure. Causes include persistent LSVC, coronary sinoseptal defect,
PAPVC or TAPVC into CS, coronary arteriovenous fistula, and total or
partial anomalous hepatic venous drainage into the CS.
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
