ADULT ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY STUDY
GUIDE 2024/2025 Exam All Answers and
Illustrations Given
1) CALCIFIC
2) RHEUMATIC
3) CONGENITAL - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔3 TYPES of AORTIC STENOSIS:
> 1.5 cm - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔NORMAL MACS (Maximum Aortic Cusp
Seperation) is GREATER than ________ cm
TRANSLATIONAL (when the entire heart moves) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Strain
corrects for _________________ motion
CENTROID - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A FLOATING EPICARDIAL CENTER of
MASS
TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A CHD where ONE LARGE
GREAT VESSEL arises from the RIGHT AND LEFT VENTRICLES
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,< 5 mm - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A SMALL CA ANEURYSM measures LESS
THAN __________
> 8 mm - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A GIANT CA ANEURYSM measures MORE than
____________
FEVER > 5 DAYS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The FIRST SYMPTOM of KAWASAKI
DISEASE
b. IRREVERSIBLE - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Eisenmenger's is:
a. Reversible
b. Irreversible
True - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔T or F? CYANOSIS is associated with RIGHT to
LEFT SHUNTS and EISENMENGER's SYNDROME
KAWASAKI SYNDROME - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A CHD associated with CA
ANEURYSMS, ACUTE VASCULITIS, and spasms
Deoxygenated blood goes to the left side and out to the body - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Why do you get CYANOSIS with R>L SHUNTS?
True - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔T or F? Shunts become bidirectional BEFORE
Eisenmenger's develops.
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔MOST COMMON CHD:
1) OVERRIDING AORTA
2) RVH
3) PS/RVOTO
4) VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔TETRALOGY of FALLOT features (4):
3 LSB - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Where you AUSCULTATE the AV
Aortic Annulus - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔What provides STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
to the AV cusps?
LVH (initially the LVF is normal) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔SHORT-TERM EFFECT
of AORTIC STENOSIS:
LV DILATION; HEART FAILURE (if long-standing) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔LONG-
TERM EFFECT of AORTIC STENOSIS:
COMMISSURES - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The POINTS of ATTACHMENT for the
valve leaflets to the AORTIC WALL
1) DYSPNEA on EXERTION
2) CHF
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, 3) SCD
4) ANGINA
5) SYNCOPE
(Symptoms related to drop in CARDIAC OUTPUT) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔S/S of
Aortic Stenosis:
PSEUDO-AS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔This mimics AS (functional) because the low
cardiac output reduces the AV cusp opening
True (due to the LV, not the valve itself) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔T or F? PSEUDO
AS is due to LV DYSFUNCTION
True - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔T or F? TRUE AS is due to a bad AV
True (AVA gets better because there's a more normal CO) - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔T or F? When given Dobutamine, PSEUDO AS will have an
INCREASED AVA with INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT
CALCIFIC AS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The type of AS that's degenerative,
acquired, and/or worsens with age
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
4
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
GUIDE 2024/2025 Exam All Answers and
Illustrations Given
1) CALCIFIC
2) RHEUMATIC
3) CONGENITAL - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔3 TYPES of AORTIC STENOSIS:
> 1.5 cm - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔NORMAL MACS (Maximum Aortic Cusp
Seperation) is GREATER than ________ cm
TRANSLATIONAL (when the entire heart moves) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Strain
corrects for _________________ motion
CENTROID - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A FLOATING EPICARDIAL CENTER of
MASS
TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A CHD where ONE LARGE
GREAT VESSEL arises from the RIGHT AND LEFT VENTRICLES
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
1
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,< 5 mm - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A SMALL CA ANEURYSM measures LESS
THAN __________
> 8 mm - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A GIANT CA ANEURYSM measures MORE than
____________
FEVER > 5 DAYS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The FIRST SYMPTOM of KAWASAKI
DISEASE
b. IRREVERSIBLE - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Eisenmenger's is:
a. Reversible
b. Irreversible
True - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔T or F? CYANOSIS is associated with RIGHT to
LEFT SHUNTS and EISENMENGER's SYNDROME
KAWASAKI SYNDROME - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A CHD associated with CA
ANEURYSMS, ACUTE VASCULITIS, and spasms
Deoxygenated blood goes to the left side and out to the body - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔Why do you get CYANOSIS with R>L SHUNTS?
True - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔T or F? Shunts become bidirectional BEFORE
Eisenmenger's develops.
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
2
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔MOST COMMON CHD:
1) OVERRIDING AORTA
2) RVH
3) PS/RVOTO
4) VSD - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔TETRALOGY of FALLOT features (4):
3 LSB - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Where you AUSCULTATE the AV
Aortic Annulus - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔What provides STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
to the AV cusps?
LVH (initially the LVF is normal) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔SHORT-TERM EFFECT
of AORTIC STENOSIS:
LV DILATION; HEART FAILURE (if long-standing) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔LONG-
TERM EFFECT of AORTIC STENOSIS:
COMMISSURES - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The POINTS of ATTACHMENT for the
valve leaflets to the AORTIC WALL
1) DYSPNEA on EXERTION
2) CHF
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
3
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, 3) SCD
4) ANGINA
5) SYNCOPE
(Symptoms related to drop in CARDIAC OUTPUT) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔S/S of
Aortic Stenosis:
PSEUDO-AS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔This mimics AS (functional) because the low
cardiac output reduces the AV cusp opening
True (due to the LV, not the valve itself) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔T or F? PSEUDO
AS is due to LV DYSFUNCTION
True - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔T or F? TRUE AS is due to a bad AV
True (AVA gets better because there's a more normal CO) - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔T or F? When given Dobutamine, PSEUDO AS will have an
INCREASED AVA with INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT
CALCIFIC AS - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔The type of AS that's degenerative,
acquired, and/or worsens with age
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
4
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
