Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 questions with
verified answers
Ans✓✓✓ RAAS
- a pushing force, pushes fluid outside the compartment Ans✓✓✓ Hydrostatic
Pressure
- cardiac cells Ans✓✓✓ Troponin enzymes are found where?
- contributes to osmotic pressure and is exerted by plasma proteins, mainly
albumin Ans✓✓✓ Oncotic Pressure
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) that is within the blood vessels
- blood plasma
- 5% of total body water Ans✓✓✓ Intravascular
- Fluid inside the cell
- 40% of total body water Ans✓✓✓ - Intracellular fluid (ICF)
- liver cells (L enzyme) Ans✓✓✓ ALT enzymes are found where?
- liver cells (s) Ans✓✓✓ AST enzymes are found where?
- muscle cells, liver cells, heart cells, RBCs, brain secrete what enzyme Ans✓✓✓
LDH
,- regulated by 3 hormones: parathyroid (PTH), vit D, and calcitonin
- rigidly controlled.
- inverse relationship: if one increases= other one decreases Ans✓✓✓ Calcium
and Phosphorus
- Regulated by ADH, hypothalamus, RAAS, Kidneys Ans✓✓✓ Sodium Disorders
- The measure of solute concentration in a solution (basically the concentration of
plasma) aka Tonicity Ans✓✓✓ Osmolality
- volume changes in the ____ compartment will cause changes in the _____ in the
same direction Ans✓✓✓ ECF, EABV
-most muscle cells, including heart excrete what enzyme Ans✓✓✓ CK enzymes
-preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin
-# of sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus and bronchus
in breast, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) fills the mammary ducts but has not
progressed to local tissue invasion Ans✓✓✓ Carcinoma in Situ
-Water moves between plasma and interstitial space by osmosis and hydrostatic
pressure, occur across the capillary membrane
-The major forces for filtration are within the capillary. Ans✓✓✓ Intravascular
pattern of fluid shift
,* About 40% is in the free or ionized form (5.5 to 5.6 mg/dl), which has the most
important physiological functions.
* The fractions of serum calcium that are freely ionized or bound to plasma
proteins are influenced by pH.
* Acidosis: increases levels of ionized calcium
* Alkalosis: increases protein-bound calcium and decreases ionized calcium
(hypocalcemia symptoms)
* Most is located in bone, the remainder is in plasma and body cells.
* About 50% of circulating is bound to plasma protein, primarily albumin.
Ans✓✓✓ Calcium and Ionized Calcium
* Total fraction of calcium circulating in the blood is small (9.0 to 10.5 mg/dl)
* About 50% is bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin.
* Alkalosis causes symptoms of hypocalcemia because the change in pH enhances
protein binding of ionized calcium. * Hypoalbuminemia lowers total serum
calcium levels by decreasing the amount of bound calcium in the plasma because
there is less protein available for binding Ans✓✓✓ Calcium and Albumin
<8.5mg/dl
E: Causes increased cell permeability to Na+ causing a progressive depolarization.
The threshold potential becomes more negative and closer to the resting
membrane potential, requiring a smaller stimulus for an action potential. The cells
are more likely to initiate an action potential; they are excitable.
Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, acute pancreatitis, vitamin D
deficiency,
CM: Tetany (cont. muscle spasm), hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias
, Chvostek's sign - tap facial nerve just below temple leads to twitching of nose or
lip
Trousseau's sign - contraction of hand and fingers when arterial blood flow in arm
occluded for 5 minutes Ans✓✓✓ Hypocalcemia
>10mg/dl
E: Causes decreased cell permeability to Na+, causing the threshold potential to
become more positive and further from the membrane potential, meaning more
stimulus is required to initiate an action potential.
Causes: hyperparathyroidism and at times cancer of the bone resulting from
breast
cancer, lymphoma or myeloma
CM: polyuria, renal stones, nausea,
vomiting, constipation, weakness, fatigue, confusion, coma, hyporeflexia,
lethargy,
encephalopathy, a shortened QT segment and depressed, widened T waves on
EKG. Ans✓✓✓ Hypercalcemia -
1.reduced intake of potassium
2.increased entry of K+ into cells
3.increased losses of body K+ Ans✓✓✓ hypokalemia
23rd pair of chromosomes Ans✓✓✓ sex-linked chromosomes
280-295 mOsm/kg Ans✓✓✓ plasma osmolality
verified answers
Ans✓✓✓ RAAS
- a pushing force, pushes fluid outside the compartment Ans✓✓✓ Hydrostatic
Pressure
- cardiac cells Ans✓✓✓ Troponin enzymes are found where?
- contributes to osmotic pressure and is exerted by plasma proteins, mainly
albumin Ans✓✓✓ Oncotic Pressure
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) that is within the blood vessels
- blood plasma
- 5% of total body water Ans✓✓✓ Intravascular
- Fluid inside the cell
- 40% of total body water Ans✓✓✓ - Intracellular fluid (ICF)
- liver cells (L enzyme) Ans✓✓✓ ALT enzymes are found where?
- liver cells (s) Ans✓✓✓ AST enzymes are found where?
- muscle cells, liver cells, heart cells, RBCs, brain secrete what enzyme Ans✓✓✓
LDH
,- regulated by 3 hormones: parathyroid (PTH), vit D, and calcitonin
- rigidly controlled.
- inverse relationship: if one increases= other one decreases Ans✓✓✓ Calcium
and Phosphorus
- Regulated by ADH, hypothalamus, RAAS, Kidneys Ans✓✓✓ Sodium Disorders
- The measure of solute concentration in a solution (basically the concentration of
plasma) aka Tonicity Ans✓✓✓ Osmolality
- volume changes in the ____ compartment will cause changes in the _____ in the
same direction Ans✓✓✓ ECF, EABV
-most muscle cells, including heart excrete what enzyme Ans✓✓✓ CK enzymes
-preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin
-# of sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus and bronchus
in breast, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) fills the mammary ducts but has not
progressed to local tissue invasion Ans✓✓✓ Carcinoma in Situ
-Water moves between plasma and interstitial space by osmosis and hydrostatic
pressure, occur across the capillary membrane
-The major forces for filtration are within the capillary. Ans✓✓✓ Intravascular
pattern of fluid shift
,* About 40% is in the free or ionized form (5.5 to 5.6 mg/dl), which has the most
important physiological functions.
* The fractions of serum calcium that are freely ionized or bound to plasma
proteins are influenced by pH.
* Acidosis: increases levels of ionized calcium
* Alkalosis: increases protein-bound calcium and decreases ionized calcium
(hypocalcemia symptoms)
* Most is located in bone, the remainder is in plasma and body cells.
* About 50% of circulating is bound to plasma protein, primarily albumin.
Ans✓✓✓ Calcium and Ionized Calcium
* Total fraction of calcium circulating in the blood is small (9.0 to 10.5 mg/dl)
* About 50% is bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin.
* Alkalosis causes symptoms of hypocalcemia because the change in pH enhances
protein binding of ionized calcium. * Hypoalbuminemia lowers total serum
calcium levels by decreasing the amount of bound calcium in the plasma because
there is less protein available for binding Ans✓✓✓ Calcium and Albumin
<8.5mg/dl
E: Causes increased cell permeability to Na+ causing a progressive depolarization.
The threshold potential becomes more negative and closer to the resting
membrane potential, requiring a smaller stimulus for an action potential. The cells
are more likely to initiate an action potential; they are excitable.
Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, renal failure, acute pancreatitis, vitamin D
deficiency,
CM: Tetany (cont. muscle spasm), hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia, seizures,
dysrhythmias
, Chvostek's sign - tap facial nerve just below temple leads to twitching of nose or
lip
Trousseau's sign - contraction of hand and fingers when arterial blood flow in arm
occluded for 5 minutes Ans✓✓✓ Hypocalcemia
>10mg/dl
E: Causes decreased cell permeability to Na+, causing the threshold potential to
become more positive and further from the membrane potential, meaning more
stimulus is required to initiate an action potential.
Causes: hyperparathyroidism and at times cancer of the bone resulting from
breast
cancer, lymphoma or myeloma
CM: polyuria, renal stones, nausea,
vomiting, constipation, weakness, fatigue, confusion, coma, hyporeflexia,
lethargy,
encephalopathy, a shortened QT segment and depressed, widened T waves on
EKG. Ans✓✓✓ Hypercalcemia -
1.reduced intake of potassium
2.increased entry of K+ into cells
3.increased losses of body K+ Ans✓✓✓ hypokalemia
23rd pair of chromosomes Ans✓✓✓ sex-linked chromosomes
280-295 mOsm/kg Ans✓✓✓ plasma osmolality
