NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology questions with
verified answers
Acid base balance effects on potassium Ans✓✓✓ Alkalosis shifts K+ into cells -->
hypokalemia
Acidosis shifts K+ out of cells --> hyperkalemia
action potential Ans✓✓✓ Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron
--> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Aging Ans✓✓✓ Body released more cytokines and proinflammatory substances
which results in chronic inflammation
Aneuploidy and its clinical manifestations Ans✓✓✓ Cells that do not contain
multiple of 23 chromosomes (can contain more or less, like 45 or 47). Caused by
nondisjunction (failure for the chromosomes to divide properly).
Ex: Spontaneous abortion, still born, birth defects
Antidiuretic hormone Ans✓✓✓ VASOPRESSIN. Secreted by pituitary gland in
response to water deficit, sodium excess, or low BP. Causes kidneys to reabsorb
water thus increasing intervascular/plasma fluid.
Apoptosis Ans✓✓✓ Programmed cell death (normal). Needed to prevent cellular
proliferation that would result in a large body.
Clinical implications: neurodegenerative disease, ischemic injury, death of virus
infected cells
AST and ALT are related to which organ? Ans✓✓✓ Liver
,Atrophy Ans✓✓✓ Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the
cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply,
nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular
death.
Atrophy examples Ans✓✓✓ Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland
during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Autophagy Ans✓✓✓ Autodigestion of the cell. When cells lack nutrition,
autophagy is triggered. During times of metabolic stress, autophagy provides ATP
and other macromolecules for energy and cell survival. When stress progresses, it
leads to cell death
Autosomal aneuploidy and its clinical manifestations Ans✓✓✓ Autosomal
chromosomes are all chromosomes which do not have any relation to gender.
Ex: Trisomy 13, 18, 21 (can survive, others don't survive). Trisomy 21 causes down
syndrome (low IQ, low nasal bridge, poor muscle tone, short stature, lower life
expectancy)
BRCA gene Ans✓✓✓ Increases risk for developing ovarian, breast, and prostate
cancer
Breast cancer site of metastasis? Ans✓✓✓ Bones, lung, liver, brain
, Cachexia Ans✓✓✓ Imbalance between amount of energy intake vs. energy used.
Wasting syndrome = catabolic process. Increase in apoptosis and impaired ability
to regenerate cells.
Cancer cells Ans✓✓✓ Cells continue to crowd and eventually pile over. Immortal
and divide for years. Divide rapidly and are parasites. Must grow in a hypoxic or
acidic environment.
Carcinoma in situ Ans✓✓✓ Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular
or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and
bronchus
Chromosomal deletion and examples Ans✓✓✓ Broken chromosomes and loss of
DNA.
Ex: Cri de chat "cry of the cat" syndrome
Chromosomal duplications Ans✓✓✓ Duplication of chromosomes. Less severe
disease than deletion
Chromosomal inversions and examples Ans✓✓✓ Two breaks of a chromosome,
followed by reinsertion of the fragment its original site. ABCDEFG ends up looking
like ABCDFEG.
Ex: No apparent physical affect, but can cause serious problems in offspring.
Chromosomal translocation and examples Ans✓✓✓ Interchanging of genetic
material between non-homolygous chromosomes.
Ex: Usually no serious problems, but can cause serious problems in offspring.
verified answers
Acid base balance effects on potassium Ans✓✓✓ Alkalosis shifts K+ into cells -->
hypokalemia
Acidosis shifts K+ out of cells --> hyperkalemia
action potential Ans✓✓✓ Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron
--> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Aging Ans✓✓✓ Body released more cytokines and proinflammatory substances
which results in chronic inflammation
Aneuploidy and its clinical manifestations Ans✓✓✓ Cells that do not contain
multiple of 23 chromosomes (can contain more or less, like 45 or 47). Caused by
nondisjunction (failure for the chromosomes to divide properly).
Ex: Spontaneous abortion, still born, birth defects
Antidiuretic hormone Ans✓✓✓ VASOPRESSIN. Secreted by pituitary gland in
response to water deficit, sodium excess, or low BP. Causes kidneys to reabsorb
water thus increasing intervascular/plasma fluid.
Apoptosis Ans✓✓✓ Programmed cell death (normal). Needed to prevent cellular
proliferation that would result in a large body.
Clinical implications: neurodegenerative disease, ischemic injury, death of virus
infected cells
AST and ALT are related to which organ? Ans✓✓✓ Liver
,Atrophy Ans✓✓✓ Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use,
blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the
cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply,
nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular
death.
Atrophy examples Ans✓✓✓ Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland
during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Autophagy Ans✓✓✓ Autodigestion of the cell. When cells lack nutrition,
autophagy is triggered. During times of metabolic stress, autophagy provides ATP
and other macromolecules for energy and cell survival. When stress progresses, it
leads to cell death
Autosomal aneuploidy and its clinical manifestations Ans✓✓✓ Autosomal
chromosomes are all chromosomes which do not have any relation to gender.
Ex: Trisomy 13, 18, 21 (can survive, others don't survive). Trisomy 21 causes down
syndrome (low IQ, low nasal bridge, poor muscle tone, short stature, lower life
expectancy)
BRCA gene Ans✓✓✓ Increases risk for developing ovarian, breast, and prostate
cancer
Breast cancer site of metastasis? Ans✓✓✓ Bones, lung, liver, brain
, Cachexia Ans✓✓✓ Imbalance between amount of energy intake vs. energy used.
Wasting syndrome = catabolic process. Increase in apoptosis and impaired ability
to regenerate cells.
Cancer cells Ans✓✓✓ Cells continue to crowd and eventually pile over. Immortal
and divide for years. Divide rapidly and are parasites. Must grow in a hypoxic or
acidic environment.
Carcinoma in situ Ans✓✓✓ Pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular
or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and
bronchus
Chromosomal deletion and examples Ans✓✓✓ Broken chromosomes and loss of
DNA.
Ex: Cri de chat "cry of the cat" syndrome
Chromosomal duplications Ans✓✓✓ Duplication of chromosomes. Less severe
disease than deletion
Chromosomal inversions and examples Ans✓✓✓ Two breaks of a chromosome,
followed by reinsertion of the fragment its original site. ABCDEFG ends up looking
like ABCDFEG.
Ex: No apparent physical affect, but can cause serious problems in offspring.
Chromosomal translocation and examples Ans✓✓✓ Interchanging of genetic
material between non-homolygous chromosomes.
Ex: Usually no serious problems, but can cause serious problems in offspring.
