ARDMS echo exam | Actual Questions And Answers Latest Updated
2024/2025 (Graded A+)
what length PR interval indicates heart block? - ✔✔>200ms
how many beats should you measure for a patient in afib? - ✔✔5 consecutive beats
what congenital heart disease is associated with wolff parkinson white syndrome? - ✔✔ebstein's
anomaly
mitral valve prolapse will cause what timing of MR? - ✔✔mid-late systolic MR
pulmonary acceleration time/pulmonic valve acceleration time - ✔✔PW Doppler PSAX at PV annulus
interval between onset of pulmonary flow and peak velocity
decreased acceleration time (<130 msec) is assoc. with increased pulmonary resistance/PHTN
what indicates severely elevated pulmonary artery pressure? - ✔✔PVAT/PAT <80 msec, systolic
notching
what is the formula for mean pulmonary artery pressure (mpap)? - ✔✔80-0.5XPVAT
Qp/Qs - ✔✔ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow
CSA(RVOT)XVTI(RVOT)/CSA(LVOT)XVTI(LVOT)
>1.5:1= hemodynamically significant shunt
what s/p repair may have severe PI? - ✔✔tetralogy of fallot
what view is best to identify cleft MV? - ✔✔PSAX MV
,what view is best to identify flail MV leaflet? - ✔✔PLAX or A4C
what is parachute MV? - ✔✔a single or fused papillary muscle that all chordae connect to
what view is best to diagnose parachute MV? - ✔✔psax pap level shows one pap muscle
apical shows funnel appearance of MV
what does parachute MV cause? - ✔✔MS
what causes parachute MV? - ✔✔abnormal LV compaction
what is the mechanical index? - ✔✔a measure of acoustic power
what is the max mechanical index for contrast echo? - ✔✔0.3
what is the normal mechanical index for regular echo? - ✔✔1.3
what is the maximum FDA approved mechanical index? - ✔✔1.9
where is the Swan Ganz catheter best seen? - ✔✔RVOT
sinus of valsalva rupture - ✔✔most commonly right sinus of valsalva ruptures into RA
best view to see sinus of valsalva rupture? - ✔✔PSAX aov
what type of murmur does sinus of valsalva rupture have? - ✔✔continuous murmur, accentuated in
diastole
,what is assoc. with Sinus of valsalva aneurysm? - ✔✔AI, bicuspid aov, VSD
what disease commonly causes coronary artery dilation? - ✔✔Kawasaki disease
what causes are assoc. with endocarditis? - ✔✔IVDU, Lupus (libman sacks non-bacterial endocarditis),
arthritis
Severe PHTN occurs with a PASP of? - ✔✔>or = to 60mmHg
normal is <35 mmHg
mild is 35-49 mmHg
mod is 50-59
What is the only view that shows the posterior leaflet of the TV? - ✔✔RVIT view
In what views is PDA assessed? - ✔✔SSN long axis, high PLAX pulm artery, high PSAX PA bifurcation
what is a normal decel time for MV inflow? - ✔✔140-240 ms
what forms the septal leaflets of the MV and TV and the IAS and IVS? - ✔✔Endocardial
tissue/endocardial cushion
When is the heart fully formed? - ✔✔in the 7th-8th week of gestation
What part of the primary heart tube becomes the RV? - ✔✔the bulbis cordis
What part of the primary heart tube becomes the LV? - ✔✔primitive ventricle
What is a normal MV area? - ✔✔4-6 cm2
, What is a normal aortic valve velocity? - ✔✔0.7-1.1 m/s
What is a normal MV velocity? - ✔✔0.6-1.3 m/s
When (timing) do you measure the LVOT diameter? - ✔✔mid-systole
What part of the heart has the lowest O2 saturation? - ✔✔Coronary sinus= 70%
what is the O2 saturation in the RA, RV and PA normally? - ✔✔75%
what is the O2 saturation in the LA, LV and Ao normally? - ✔✔95-100%
What aortic cusps are seen in PLAX view? - ✔✔RCC and NCC
what is assoc. with Sinus of valsalva aneurysm? - ✔✔AI, bicuspid aov,
a significant difference in upper and lower extremity blood pressures can suggest what echo finding? -
✔✔coarctation of the aorta
what does the third heart sound represent (S3)? - ✔✔heart failure
can be normal in younger and athletic patients
what is heart sound S1? - ✔✔AV valve closure ("lub")
what is heart sound S2? - ✔✔semilunar valve closure ("dub")
what is heart sound S4? - ✔✔stiff ventricular walls, i.e. restrictive CM, diastolic heart failure, severe lvh
2024/2025 (Graded A+)
what length PR interval indicates heart block? - ✔✔>200ms
how many beats should you measure for a patient in afib? - ✔✔5 consecutive beats
what congenital heart disease is associated with wolff parkinson white syndrome? - ✔✔ebstein's
anomaly
mitral valve prolapse will cause what timing of MR? - ✔✔mid-late systolic MR
pulmonary acceleration time/pulmonic valve acceleration time - ✔✔PW Doppler PSAX at PV annulus
interval between onset of pulmonary flow and peak velocity
decreased acceleration time (<130 msec) is assoc. with increased pulmonary resistance/PHTN
what indicates severely elevated pulmonary artery pressure? - ✔✔PVAT/PAT <80 msec, systolic
notching
what is the formula for mean pulmonary artery pressure (mpap)? - ✔✔80-0.5XPVAT
Qp/Qs - ✔✔ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow
CSA(RVOT)XVTI(RVOT)/CSA(LVOT)XVTI(LVOT)
>1.5:1= hemodynamically significant shunt
what s/p repair may have severe PI? - ✔✔tetralogy of fallot
what view is best to identify cleft MV? - ✔✔PSAX MV
,what view is best to identify flail MV leaflet? - ✔✔PLAX or A4C
what is parachute MV? - ✔✔a single or fused papillary muscle that all chordae connect to
what view is best to diagnose parachute MV? - ✔✔psax pap level shows one pap muscle
apical shows funnel appearance of MV
what does parachute MV cause? - ✔✔MS
what causes parachute MV? - ✔✔abnormal LV compaction
what is the mechanical index? - ✔✔a measure of acoustic power
what is the max mechanical index for contrast echo? - ✔✔0.3
what is the normal mechanical index for regular echo? - ✔✔1.3
what is the maximum FDA approved mechanical index? - ✔✔1.9
where is the Swan Ganz catheter best seen? - ✔✔RVOT
sinus of valsalva rupture - ✔✔most commonly right sinus of valsalva ruptures into RA
best view to see sinus of valsalva rupture? - ✔✔PSAX aov
what type of murmur does sinus of valsalva rupture have? - ✔✔continuous murmur, accentuated in
diastole
,what is assoc. with Sinus of valsalva aneurysm? - ✔✔AI, bicuspid aov, VSD
what disease commonly causes coronary artery dilation? - ✔✔Kawasaki disease
what causes are assoc. with endocarditis? - ✔✔IVDU, Lupus (libman sacks non-bacterial endocarditis),
arthritis
Severe PHTN occurs with a PASP of? - ✔✔>or = to 60mmHg
normal is <35 mmHg
mild is 35-49 mmHg
mod is 50-59
What is the only view that shows the posterior leaflet of the TV? - ✔✔RVIT view
In what views is PDA assessed? - ✔✔SSN long axis, high PLAX pulm artery, high PSAX PA bifurcation
what is a normal decel time for MV inflow? - ✔✔140-240 ms
what forms the septal leaflets of the MV and TV and the IAS and IVS? - ✔✔Endocardial
tissue/endocardial cushion
When is the heart fully formed? - ✔✔in the 7th-8th week of gestation
What part of the primary heart tube becomes the RV? - ✔✔the bulbis cordis
What part of the primary heart tube becomes the LV? - ✔✔primitive ventricle
What is a normal MV area? - ✔✔4-6 cm2
, What is a normal aortic valve velocity? - ✔✔0.7-1.1 m/s
What is a normal MV velocity? - ✔✔0.6-1.3 m/s
When (timing) do you measure the LVOT diameter? - ✔✔mid-systole
What part of the heart has the lowest O2 saturation? - ✔✔Coronary sinus= 70%
what is the O2 saturation in the RA, RV and PA normally? - ✔✔75%
what is the O2 saturation in the LA, LV and Ao normally? - ✔✔95-100%
What aortic cusps are seen in PLAX view? - ✔✔RCC and NCC
what is assoc. with Sinus of valsalva aneurysm? - ✔✔AI, bicuspid aov,
a significant difference in upper and lower extremity blood pressures can suggest what echo finding? -
✔✔coarctation of the aorta
what does the third heart sound represent (S3)? - ✔✔heart failure
can be normal in younger and athletic patients
what is heart sound S1? - ✔✔AV valve closure ("lub")
what is heart sound S2? - ✔✔semilunar valve closure ("dub")
what is heart sound S4? - ✔✔stiff ventricular walls, i.e. restrictive CM, diastolic heart failure, severe lvh
