NURS 242 MED SURG LATEST 2024/2025 DETAILED
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY
GRADED A++
What is ventilation? - ANSWER the movement of air into and out of the
lungs
What is perfusion? - ANSWER the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER increased H+
in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER decreased
pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? - ANSWER lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen,
fibrin
What are surface forces? - ANSWER surface tension due to water-air
interface
What is airway resistance? - ANSWER opposition to flow caused by the
forces of friction; primarily determined by airway radius
What is the distensibility of the lungs? - ANSWER ease with which the
lungs can be inflated
What is lung distensibility increased in? - ANSWER neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in? - ANSWER elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
,What is surfactant? - ANSWER complex substance lining the alveoli and
smallest bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins
which reduces surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to
its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
What produces surfactant? - ANSWER produced by the Type II alveolar
cells
What is Ohm's law? - ANSWER velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? - ANSWER resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi
x radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - ANSWER the
resistance goes up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - ANSWER the top of the
lungs are more distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is
small and highly compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? - ANSWER lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER vasoconstriction of pulmonary
vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER pulmonary hypertension
What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - ANSWER capillary
permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
ANSWER acidemia;
hyperthermia;
,hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
ANSWER alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? - ANSWER deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen caused by
decreased respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? - ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen caused by
decreased hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? - ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen caused
by decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen caused
by increased toxic substance
What is ischemia? - ANSWER greatly reduced or interrupted flow through
the arterial system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia? - ANSWER increased level of CO2 in the blood
What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - ANSWER dyspnea; restlessness;
palpitations; agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress;
cyanosis; tachypnea; tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy;
confusion to coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia? - ANSWER respiratory acidosis
(decreased pH from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased
HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
What is dyspnea? - ANSWER subjective feeling of being SOB
, What does dyspnea lead to? - ANSWER decreased sense of wellness
which may cause psychological and social consequences
What is the leading cause of cancer death? - ANSWER lung cancer
What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - ANSWER cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - ANSWER cough,
hemoptysis (blood in cough sputum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - ANSWER squamous
cell lung carcinoma (25-40%);
adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
What is acute airway obstruction caused by? - ANSWER foreign body
aspiration;
laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords);
trauma
What is complete acute airway obstruction? - ANSWER inspiratory chest
movements but no air movement;
tachycardia, cyanosis, rapid progression to unconsciousness
What is partial acute airway obstruction? - ANSWER stridor (harsh
vibrating noise), wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, retractions
(chest moving inward)
What are some respiratory disorders in children? - ANSWER upper airway
infections: viral croup, spasmodic croup, and epiglotitis;
lower airway infections: acute bronchiolitis
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY
GRADED A++
What is ventilation? - ANSWER the movement of air into and out of the
lungs
What is perfusion? - ANSWER the circulation of blood through the lungs
What are central chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER increased H+
in the brain ECF;
increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to? - ANSWER decreased
pH;
increased PaCO2;
decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
What are elastic forces? - ANSWER lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen,
fibrin
What are surface forces? - ANSWER surface tension due to water-air
interface
What is airway resistance? - ANSWER opposition to flow caused by the
forces of friction; primarily determined by airway radius
What is the distensibility of the lungs? - ANSWER ease with which the
lungs can be inflated
What is lung distensibility increased in? - ANSWER neonates and children;
emphysema
What is lung distensibility decreased in? - ANSWER elderly;
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, atelectasis, fibrosis
,What is surfactant? - ANSWER complex substance lining the alveoli and
smallest bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins
which reduces surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby contributing to
its general compliance;
stabilizes the alveoli and keeps them dry
What produces surfactant? - ANSWER produced by the Type II alveolar
cells
What is Ohm's law? - ANSWER velocity = driving force/resistance
What is Poiseuille law? - ANSWER resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi
x radius^4)
What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down? - ANSWER the
resistance goes up
How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs? - ANSWER the top of the
lungs are more distended and less compliant whereas the lower lung is
small and highly compliant
What factors affect lung perfusion? - ANSWER lung capacitance;
low resistance system;
flow influenced by gravity;
resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
What does hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER vasoconstriction of pulmonary
vessels
What does prolonged hypoxia lead to? - ANSWER pulmonary hypertension
What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion? - ANSWER capillary
permeability;
surface area available for diffusion;
concentration gradient for the gas;
distance for diffusion
What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
ANSWER acidemia;
hyperthermia;
,hypercarbia
What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2 affinity? -
ANSWER alkalemia;
hypothermia;
hypocarbia
What is hypoxemia? - ANSWER deficient blood oxygen;
low PaO2;
low O2 saturation
What is hypoxia? - ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen
What is hypoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen caused by
decreased respirations
What is anemic hypoxia? - ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen caused by
decreased hemoglobin
What is circulatory hypoxia? - ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen caused
by decreased blood flow
What is histotoxic hypoxia? - ANSWER decreased tissue oxygen caused
by increased toxic substance
What is ischemia? - ANSWER greatly reduced or interrupted flow through
the arterial system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
What is hypercapnia? - ANSWER increased level of CO2 in the blood
What are S&S of acute hypoxia? - ANSWER dyspnea; restlessness;
palpitations; agitation; headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress;
cyanosis; tachypnea; tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy;
confusion to coma
What are some effects of hypercapnia? - ANSWER respiratory acidosis
(decreased pH from increase in CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased
HR and BP; flushed skin; arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
What is dyspnea? - ANSWER subjective feeling of being SOB
, What does dyspnea lead to? - ANSWER decreased sense of wellness
which may cause psychological and social consequences
What is the leading cause of cancer death? - ANSWER lung cancer
What is lung cancer most likely caused by? - ANSWER cigarette smoking;
asbestos;
familial predisposition
What are the manifestations of lung cancer? - ANSWER cough,
hemoptysis (blood in cough sputum);
hoarseness;
chest pain;
often disseminated (spread widely) at time of diagnosis
What are the types of bronchogenic carcinomas? - ANSWER squamous
cell lung carcinoma (25-40%);
adenocarcinoma (20-40%);
small cell carcinoma (20-25%);
large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
What is acute airway obstruction caused by? - ANSWER foreign body
aspiration;
laryngospasm (spontaneous spasm of the vocal cords);
trauma
What is complete acute airway obstruction? - ANSWER inspiratory chest
movements but no air movement;
tachycardia, cyanosis, rapid progression to unconsciousness
What is partial acute airway obstruction? - ANSWER stridor (harsh
vibrating noise), wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, retractions
(chest moving inward)
What are some respiratory disorders in children? - ANSWER upper airway
infections: viral croup, spasmodic croup, and epiglotitis;
lower airway infections: acute bronchiolitis
