General Biology I Final Exam Study
Guide Ch. 1-7 Questions And All Correct
Answers.
What are organisms? - Answer All living things
When and how did it become possible for organisms to live on land? - Answer By about 500
million years ago, the ozone layer was sufficiently dense and absorbed enough of the sun's UV
radiation to make it possible for organisms to leave the protection of the water and live on land.
How are eukaryotic cells different from prokaryotic cells? Which came first? - Answer The
eukaryotic cell is distinct from the cells of prokaryotes, which lack nuclei and other internal
compartments. Prokaryotes came first.
Describe the process of endosymbiosis and how this lead to the creation of mitochondria and
chloroplasts. - Answer Endosymbiosis is when larger cells ingested smaller ones. Mitochondria
and chloroplasts could have originated when larger eukaryotes ingested prokaryotes. This
resulted from a partnership between a larger cell which could not break down food and a
smaller cell in need of a safe environment.
What is the genome? - Answer The sum total of all the information encoded by an organism's
genes.
What is a phylogenetic tree? What are the three domains of life? - Answer A phylogenetic tree
is a graphic representation of lines of descent among organisms or their genes. The 3 domains
are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya.
Describe the hierarchy of organization from atoms to organisms (internal hierarchy) as seen in
Figure 1.5A and from organisms to ecosystems (external hierarchy) in Figure 1.5B. - Answer (A)
The hierarchy of systems within a multicellular organism. DNA encodes information for the cell.
The cell is the component of tissues, organs, and the organism itself.
(B) Organisms interacting with their external environment form ecological systems on a
hierarchy of scales.
Describe both positive and negative feedback, giving an example of each. - Answer Positive
feedback occurs in a system when a product of the system speeds up an earlier process. An
,What is a gene and what do genes do? - Answer A gene is a specific segment of DNA whose
sequence carries the information for building, or controlling the building of, one or more
proteins.
If all of your cells contain the exact same genome, how is it that they look and function so
differently? What makes a brain cell appear and behave differently from a muscle cell if they
have all of the same instructions? - Answer Different types of cells in an organism express, or
use, different parts of the genome. Certain cells use certain genes that other cells supress.
What did Darwin call the differing survival and reproduction of individuals in a population? -
Answer Natural selection
What are adaptations and how do they result from natural selection? - Answer Adaptations
are structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that increase an organism's chances of surviving
and reproducing in its environment. Because organisms with certain traits survive and
reproduce best under specific sets of conditions, natural selection leads to adaptations.
What are the five steps of the hypothesis-prediction approach? - Answer 1) Making
observations.
2) Asking questions.
3) Forming hypotheses, or tentative answers to the questions.
4) Making predictions based on the hypotheses.
5) Testing the predictions by making additional observations or conducting experiments.
How are controlled experiments different from comparative experiments? - Answer A
controlled experiment changes, or manipulates, one or more of the factors being tested. A
comparative experiment compares unmanipulated data gathered from different sources.
What are the three types of particles present in each atom? What is the charge and location of
each? - Answer Each atom contains electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+). Neutrons
and protons are in the nucleus and electrons are in the out shells.
What is an element? - Answer An element is a pure substance that contains only one kind of
atom.
, Which kind of chemical bonds are the strongest? - Answer Covalent bonds are the strongest.
How many electrons are shared in single, double, and triple covalent bonds? - Answer A single
bond involves the sharing of a single pair of electrons.
A double bond involves the sharing of four electrons.
A triple bond involves six shared electrons.
Describe the differences between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds. - Answer If two atoms
are 0.5 or less apart in electronegativity, they will share electrons equally in what is called a
nonpolar covalent bond. If the difference in electronegativities between the two atoms is
greater than 0, but less than 2.0, the bond is polar covalent.
Where do the slight charges come from in polar covalent bonds? - Answer The partial charges
that result from polar covalent bonds produce polar molecules or polar regions of large
molecules.
What kinds of solvents are polar molecules more likely to dissolve in? What kinds of solvents
are nonpolar molecules more likely to dissolve in? - Answer Polar molecules are likely to
dissolve in water based or hydrophillic solvents because water is polar. Nonpolar molecules are
likely to dissolve in nonpolar or hydrophobic solvents.
What are the four kinds of macromolecules? What kinds of bonds link the building blocks of
macromolecules together? Are these bonds relatively easy or difficult to break? - Answer The
4 kinds of macromolecules are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Covalent bonds
hold the macromolecules together and they are relatively difficult to break.
How do condensation and hydrolysis work? - Answer Condensation reactions link monomers
into polymers and produce water. Hydrolysis reactions break polymers into individual
monomers and consume water.
Show how a condensation reaction can be used to create a disaccharide. What is the name of
the bond that connects a disaccharide? - Answer The bond that connects the two is a
glycosidic linkage.
Describe the structure and function of the polysaccharides cellulose, starch, and glycogen. -
Answer Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are all composed of long chains of glucose.
Cellulose is linear and unbranched making is very stable and an excellent structural material
Guide Ch. 1-7 Questions And All Correct
Answers.
What are organisms? - Answer All living things
When and how did it become possible for organisms to live on land? - Answer By about 500
million years ago, the ozone layer was sufficiently dense and absorbed enough of the sun's UV
radiation to make it possible for organisms to leave the protection of the water and live on land.
How are eukaryotic cells different from prokaryotic cells? Which came first? - Answer The
eukaryotic cell is distinct from the cells of prokaryotes, which lack nuclei and other internal
compartments. Prokaryotes came first.
Describe the process of endosymbiosis and how this lead to the creation of mitochondria and
chloroplasts. - Answer Endosymbiosis is when larger cells ingested smaller ones. Mitochondria
and chloroplasts could have originated when larger eukaryotes ingested prokaryotes. This
resulted from a partnership between a larger cell which could not break down food and a
smaller cell in need of a safe environment.
What is the genome? - Answer The sum total of all the information encoded by an organism's
genes.
What is a phylogenetic tree? What are the three domains of life? - Answer A phylogenetic tree
is a graphic representation of lines of descent among organisms or their genes. The 3 domains
are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya.
Describe the hierarchy of organization from atoms to organisms (internal hierarchy) as seen in
Figure 1.5A and from organisms to ecosystems (external hierarchy) in Figure 1.5B. - Answer (A)
The hierarchy of systems within a multicellular organism. DNA encodes information for the cell.
The cell is the component of tissues, organs, and the organism itself.
(B) Organisms interacting with their external environment form ecological systems on a
hierarchy of scales.
Describe both positive and negative feedback, giving an example of each. - Answer Positive
feedback occurs in a system when a product of the system speeds up an earlier process. An
,What is a gene and what do genes do? - Answer A gene is a specific segment of DNA whose
sequence carries the information for building, or controlling the building of, one or more
proteins.
If all of your cells contain the exact same genome, how is it that they look and function so
differently? What makes a brain cell appear and behave differently from a muscle cell if they
have all of the same instructions? - Answer Different types of cells in an organism express, or
use, different parts of the genome. Certain cells use certain genes that other cells supress.
What did Darwin call the differing survival and reproduction of individuals in a population? -
Answer Natural selection
What are adaptations and how do they result from natural selection? - Answer Adaptations
are structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that increase an organism's chances of surviving
and reproducing in its environment. Because organisms with certain traits survive and
reproduce best under specific sets of conditions, natural selection leads to adaptations.
What are the five steps of the hypothesis-prediction approach? - Answer 1) Making
observations.
2) Asking questions.
3) Forming hypotheses, or tentative answers to the questions.
4) Making predictions based on the hypotheses.
5) Testing the predictions by making additional observations or conducting experiments.
How are controlled experiments different from comparative experiments? - Answer A
controlled experiment changes, or manipulates, one or more of the factors being tested. A
comparative experiment compares unmanipulated data gathered from different sources.
What are the three types of particles present in each atom? What is the charge and location of
each? - Answer Each atom contains electrons (-), neutrons (neutral), and protons (+). Neutrons
and protons are in the nucleus and electrons are in the out shells.
What is an element? - Answer An element is a pure substance that contains only one kind of
atom.
, Which kind of chemical bonds are the strongest? - Answer Covalent bonds are the strongest.
How many electrons are shared in single, double, and triple covalent bonds? - Answer A single
bond involves the sharing of a single pair of electrons.
A double bond involves the sharing of four electrons.
A triple bond involves six shared electrons.
Describe the differences between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds. - Answer If two atoms
are 0.5 or less apart in electronegativity, they will share electrons equally in what is called a
nonpolar covalent bond. If the difference in electronegativities between the two atoms is
greater than 0, but less than 2.0, the bond is polar covalent.
Where do the slight charges come from in polar covalent bonds? - Answer The partial charges
that result from polar covalent bonds produce polar molecules or polar regions of large
molecules.
What kinds of solvents are polar molecules more likely to dissolve in? What kinds of solvents
are nonpolar molecules more likely to dissolve in? - Answer Polar molecules are likely to
dissolve in water based or hydrophillic solvents because water is polar. Nonpolar molecules are
likely to dissolve in nonpolar or hydrophobic solvents.
What are the four kinds of macromolecules? What kinds of bonds link the building blocks of
macromolecules together? Are these bonds relatively easy or difficult to break? - Answer The
4 kinds of macromolecules are proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Covalent bonds
hold the macromolecules together and they are relatively difficult to break.
How do condensation and hydrolysis work? - Answer Condensation reactions link monomers
into polymers and produce water. Hydrolysis reactions break polymers into individual
monomers and consume water.
Show how a condensation reaction can be used to create a disaccharide. What is the name of
the bond that connects a disaccharide? - Answer The bond that connects the two is a
glycosidic linkage.
Describe the structure and function of the polysaccharides cellulose, starch, and glycogen. -
Answer Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are all composed of long chains of glucose.
Cellulose is linear and unbranched making is very stable and an excellent structural material
