TEST BANK A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION Patrick J. Hurley

TEST BANK
A CONCISE INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC 11TH EDITION
Patrick J. Hurley

,Chapter 1 Test A


MULTIPLE CHOICE

INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments
and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.

1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less.
ANS: D PTS: 2

2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure
(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production
(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
ANS: C PTS: 2

3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have
the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
whatever the situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2

4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax
and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.




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, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
e. Nonargument.

ANS: A PTS: 2

5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are over-arrested,
over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times more likely to be
arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black women have received significantly
longer sentences for crimes against property and served longer periods in prison. For both murder and
drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than
black women.
Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S."
a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer periods in prison.
ANS: B PTS: 2

6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a firewall. There are criminal
elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out probes to detect unprotected PCs. Once a
vulnerable computer is found, these criminals install software that assists them in committing identity
theft and fencing stolen IDs. They also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers to
visit pay-per-click ads.
a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected by a firewall.
ANS: E PTS: 2

7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be made through
the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the magnetosphere reflect the state of
interplanetary space. The earth is also the most important object of comparison for planetologists.
Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy
a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through the atmosphere.
ANS: C PTS: 2

8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff, communities
abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers of traditional medicines can
be persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger poaching will be halted, habitat and life
sustaining prey will be restored, and the immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted.
d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.



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, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will be averted.

ANS: A PTS: 2

9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we need to
understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel,
learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a neuron works and how neurons
communicate are crucial pieces of information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental
processing.
Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction
a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms.
c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity.
d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2

10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are composed of a
nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display other properties of living
organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized and
stored in a container on a shelf for years, but they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations
a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded living cells.
ANS: B PTS: 2

11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving the global warming
problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity generated by the wind down by
82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made remarkable progress as new photovoltaic
cells have been developed to convert even greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Today
the costs of wind and solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions"
a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly into electricity.
ANS: D PTS: 2

12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes they did not commit.
From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been exonerated. In many of these cases DNA
evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed.
For many of these prisoners no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had been available, how
may more would have been exonerated?
a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated.
d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.



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, ANS: E PTS: 2

13. Some zover-the-counter zmedicines zshould znot zbe zgiven zto zvery zyoung zchildren. zFor zexample, zcold
z medicines zcontain zdecongestants zand zantihistamines. zThese zsubstances zraise zblood zpressure zand
zheart zrate. z If zan zoverdose zshould zoccur zin za zyoung zchild, zthe zresult zcan zbe zfatal.
a. Argument; zconclusion: zSome zover-the-counter zmedicines z... zvery zyoung
zchildren.
b. Argument; zconclusion: zThese zsubstances zraise zblood zpressure zand zheart zrate.
c. Argument; zconclusion: zIf zan zoverdose z... zthe zresult zcan zbe zfatal.
d. Argument; zconclusion: zCold zmedicines zcontain zdecongestants zand
zantihistamines.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: z A PTS: z z2

14. The zworld-wide zdisappearance zof zfrogs zmay zbe zthe zresult zof zagricultural zrunoff. zScientists zhave
zshown zthat zrunoff zrich zin zfertilizer zcauses za zpronounced zincrease zin zthe zalgae zof zlakes zand zponds.
zSnails zthen z gorge zthemselves zon zthe zalgae, zcausing zparasites zliving zinside zthem zto zproduce zhuge
zquantities zof zeggs. zWhen zthe zeggs z hatch, zthe zparasites zinfect z young zfrogs, zcausing zsevere
zdeformation zof ztheir zlimbs.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; zconclusion: zSnails zthen zgorge zthemselves z... zhuge zquantities zof zeggs.
c. Argument; zconclusion: zThe zworld-wide zdisappearance z... zagricultural zrunoff.
d. Argument; zconclusion: zWhen zthe zeggs zhatch z... zsevere zdeformation zof ztheir
zlimbs.
e. Argument; zconclusion: zScientists zhave zshown z... zin zthe zalgae zof zlakes zand
zponds.

ANS: z C PTS: z z2

15. Little zis zknown zof zthe zGreek zphysician zHippocrates, zwho zlived zaround z400 zB.C. zNevertheless, zthe
zwritings zattributed zto zhim zhave zprovided za znumber zof zprinciples zunderlying z modern z medical
zpractice. zOne zof zhis z most zfamous zcontributions, zthe zHippocratic zOath, zis zthe zfoundation zof
zcontemporary z medical zethics. z It zrequires zthe zphysician zto zswear zthat zhe zor zshe zwill zhelp zthe zsick,
zrefrain zfrom zintentional zwrongdoing, zand zkeep zconfidential zall zmatters zpertaining zto zthe zdoctor-
patient zrelationship.
William zC. zCockerham, zMedical zSociology
a. Argument; zconclusion: zThe zwritings zattributed zto zhim z... zmedical zpractice.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; zconclusion: zIt zrequires zthe zphysician z... zdoctor-patient zrelationship.
d. Argument; zconclusion: zOne zof zhis zmost zfamous zcontributions z... zmedical
zethics.
e. Argument; zconclusion: zLittle zis zknown z... zwho zlived zaround z400 zB.C.
ANS: z B PTS: z z2


16. Two zmillion zchildren zhave zbeen zkilled zin zarmed zconflicts zin zthe zlast zdecade. zThree ztimes zas zmany
zhave zbeen zinjured zor zpermanently zdisabled. zMillions zof zothers zhave zbeen zforced zto ztake zpart zin zor
zwitness zhorrifying zacts zof zviolence. zIn zcountless zcases zthe zimpact zof zarmed zconflict zon zchildren's
zlives zremains zinvisible. zThe zchildren zthemselves z may z be zremoved z from zthe zpublic, zin zinstitutions,
zor zsurvive zas z victims zof zprostitution. zBut zthose zwho zhave zlost zparents zoften zexperience
zhumiliation, zrejection zand zdiscrimination, zand zsuffer zin zsilence zas ztheir zself-esteem z crumbles.
Child zRights zInformation zNetwork
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; zconclusion: zTwo zmillion zchildren z... zin zthe zlast zdecade.
c. Argument; zconclusion: zBut zthose zwho zhave zlost zparents z... zself-esteem
zcrumbles.
d. Argument; zconclusion: zIn zcountless zcases z... zremains zinvisible.
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,e. Argument; zconclusion: zThree ztimes zas zmany z... zpermanently zdisabled.
ANS: z A PTS: z z2




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,17. An zelement zis za zcollection zof zatoms zof zthe zsame ztype. zEach zatom zcontains zthree zfundamental
zparticlesa zproton, za zneutron, zand zan zelectron. zThe zprotons zand zneutrons zare zin zthe zcenter, zor
znucleus, zof zthe zatom. zProtons zhave za zpositive zcharge, zwhile zneutrons zhave zno zelectric zcharge. zThe
zelectrons zhave za znegative zcharge zand zorbit zabout zthe znucleus zat za zspecific zdistance.
Edward zF. zAlbin, zEarth zScience zMade zEasy
a. Argument; zconclusion: zAn zelement zis za zcollection zof zatoms zof zthe zsame ztype.
b. Argument; zconclusion: zThe zelectrons zhave za znegative zcharge z... zspecific
zdistance.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; zconclusion: zEach zatom zcontains z... zan zelectron.
e. Argument; zconclusion: zThe zprotons zand zneutrons z... zof zthe zatom.
ANS: z C PTS: z z2

INSTRUCTIONS: zThe zfollowing zproblems zrelate zto zidentifying zand zevaluating zinductive zand
zdeductive zarguments. zSelect zthe zbest zanswer zfor zeach.

18. If zthe zBig zBang ztheory zis zcorrect, zthen zthe zuniverse zis zbillions zof zyears zold. zAnd zif zthe zBig zBang
ztheory zis zcorrect, zthen zthe zuniverse zwas znot zcreated zin zsix zdays. zThus, zif zthe zuniverse zis zbillions
zof z years zold, zthen zit zwas znot zcreated zin zsix zdays.
a. Deductive, zvalid.
b. Inductive, zstrong.
c. Inductive, zcogent.
d. Inductive, zweak.
e. Deductive, zinvalid.
ANS: z E PTS: z z2

19. The zengraved zplate zbeneath zthis zpainting zin zthe zart zmuseum zsays z"Monet." zTherefore, zthe zpainting
zmust zbe zthe zwork zof zMonet.
a. Inductive, zcogent.
b. Inductive, zweak.
c. Deductive, zvalid.
d. Inductive, zstrong.
e. Deductive, zinvalid.
ANS: z D PTS: z z2

20. Canada zis zsimilar zin zmany zways zto zthe zUnited zStates. zBoth zcountries zshare zthe zsame zlanguage,
zvalues, zand za zfree z market zeconomy. z Also, zthey zshare za zcommon zborder. zTherefore, zthe zCanadian
zflag z must zlook za zlot zlike zthe zU.S. zflag.
a. Inductive, zweak.
b. Deductive, zinvalid.
c. Inductive, zstrong.
d. Deductive, zsound.
e. Deductive, zvalid.
ANS: z A PTS: z z2

21. Either zBill zClinton zor zGeorge zW. zBush zwas zpresident zwhen zthe zWorld zTrade zCenter ztowers
zwere zdestroyed. zBut zBush zwas znot zpresident zat zthat ztime. zTherefore, zBill zClinton zwas zpresident
zwhen zthose zbuildings z were zdestroyed.
a. Inductive, zinvalid.
b. Deductive, zvalid.
c. Deductive, zinvalid.



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, d. Inductive, zstrong.
e. Inductive, zweak.

ANS: z B PTS: z z2

22. As zthe zuniverse zexpands, zit zgets zcolder zand zcolder. zFurthermore, zthis zexpansion zwill zcontinue zfor
zever zand zever. zTherefore, zat zsome zpoint zin zthe zfuture zthe zuniverse zwill zbecome ztoo zcold zto
zsupport zhuman zlife, zand zall zhumans zwill zperish.
a. Deductive, zinvalid.
b. Deductive, zvalid.
c. Deductive, zsound.
d. Inductive, zstrong.
e. Inductive, zweak.
ANS: z D PTS: z z2

23. No zdrug zcartels zare zlegal zoperations, zso zno zlegal zoperations zare zenterprises zthat zengage zin
zsmuggling, z because zall zdrug z cartels zare zenterprises zthat zengage zin zsmuggling.
a. Deductive, zvalid.
b. Inductive, zstrong.
c. Inductive, zweak.
d. Deductive, zsound.
e. Deductive, zinvalid.
ANS: z E PTS: z z2

24. Given zthat zx2 z+ z2x z= z15. zIt zfollows zthat zx z= z3.
a. Inductive, zstrong.
b. Inductive, zweak.
c. Deductive, zvalid.
d. Inductive, zcogent.
e. Deductive, zinvalid.
ANS: z C PTS: z z2

25. Graffiti zpainted zon zthat zvacant zbuilding zsays z"Boycott zMeat." zTherefore, zit's zclear zthat zwe
zshould zall zbecome z vegetarians.
a. Deductive, zsound.
b. Inductive, zweak.
c. Deductive, zinvalid.
d. Deductive, zvalid.
e. Inductive, zstrong.
ANS: z B PTS: z z2

26. James zBloomfield, zthe zwidely zrespected zexpert zon zart zauthentication, zsays zthat zthe zpainting
zrecently zdiscovered zin zthe zbasement zof zthe zart z museum zis za zgenuine zPicasso. zTherefore, zwe
zconclude zthat zthe zpainting zis zindeed za zgenuine zPicasso.
a. Deductive, zinvalid.
b. Inductive, zweak.
c. Deductive, zvalid.
d. Inductive, zcogent.
e. Inductive, zstrong.
ANS: z E PTS: z z2




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, 27. Astrological zcalculations zindicate zthat zthe zU.S. zstock zmarket zwill zcrash zin zthe zyear z2014.
zTherefore, z you zshould zget zyour z money zout zof zthe z market zbefore zthat z year.
a. Inductive, zcogent.
b. Deductive, zvalid.
c. Inductive, zweak.
d. Deductive, zinvalid.
e. Inductive, zstrong.
ANS: z C PTS: z z2

28. If zorganic zfood zcontains zpesticides, zthen zconsumers zare zmisled. zOrganic zfood zdoes znot
zcontain zpesticides. zTherefore, zconsumers zare znot z misled.
a. Inductive, zweak.
b. Inductive, zstrong.
c. Deductive, zvalid.
d. Deductive, zinvalid.
e. Deductive, zsound.
ANS: z D PTS: z z2

29. When zJack ztook zhis zcar zin zfor zservice, zthe zmechanic zcharged zhim zfor zlots zof zwork zthat zdidn't zneed
zto zbe zdone. zThe zsame zthing z happened zto zNiki zand zClaire. zApparently z mechanics zthese zdays zare
zjust za zbunch zof zcrooks.
a. Inductive, zstrong.
b. Inductive, zweak.
c. Deductive, zinvalid.
d. Deductive, zvalid.
e. Deductive, zsound.
ANS: z B PTS: z z2

30. All zaerobic zexercises zare zcalorie zburners zand zall zcalorie zburners zare zweight zreducers. zThus, zall
zaerobic zexercises zare zweight zreducers.
a. Deductive, zvalid.
b. Deductive, zinvalid.
c. Inductive, zweak.
d. Inductive, zstrong.
e. Inductive, zcogent.
ANS: z A PTS: z z2

31. After zhearing zJordan's zspeech zin zthe zstudent zcouncil, zMichael zrolled zhis zeyes zand zshook zhis
zhead. z Apparently zMichael zdidn't zagree z with zwhat zJordan zsaid.
a. Deductive, zvalid.
b. Deductive, zsound.
c. Deductive, zinvalid.
d. Inductive, zweak.
e. Inductive, zstrong.
ANS: z E PTS: z z2

32. Brandon zis za zpolytheist. zTherefore, zhe zbelieves zin zmore zthan zone zgod.
a. Inductive, zcogent.
b. Deductive, zinvalid.
c. Inductive, zweak.




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