Heart- CDM Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
What is cardiac output? - ✔✔Amount of blood heart pumps each minute
What is the equation for cardiac output? - ✔✔CO = HR x SV
What is ejection fraction? - ✔✔The percentage of total blood in the ventricle that gets
pumped out with each systolic contraction
What is a normal ejection fraction? - ✔✔50-70%
What causes heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? - ✔✔Failure of the ventricle to
pump out blood effectively during systolic contraction
What is the ejection fraction commonly in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? -
✔✔<40%
What is the cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? - ✔✔Failure of
ventricle to fill properly
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,Does heart failure with reduced ejection fraction cause the heart to look bigger or
smaller? - ✔✔Bigger- causes hypertrophic growth with thin walls
Does heart failure with preserved ejection fraction cause the heart to look bigger or
smaller? - ✔✔Normal size but hypertrophy happens in an inwards pattern restricting
the volume of the ventricles
What are 5 symptoms of left sided heart failure? - ✔✔1- Dyspnoea
2- Orthopnoea
3- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
4- Cough
5- Cardiac wheeze
What are 3 symptoms of right sided heart failure? - ✔✔1- Oedema
2- Ascites
3- Raised JVP
Briefly, what are the 4 classes of the New York Heart Association heart failure grading?
- ✔✔Class I- No limitation of physical activity
Class II- Slight limitation of physical activity
Class III- Marked limitation of physical activity
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
, Class IV- Unable to do any physical activity. Symptoms of heart failure at rest
What are conservative management options of heart failure? - ✔✔- Salt reduction
- Stopping smoking
- Annual flu and pneumonia vaccines
- Tracking weight as sudden weight gain can represent oedema and water retention
- Exercise
What are the medications used for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? - ✔✔-
ACE Inhibitor
- Beta Blocker
- Then if symptoms aren't fully controlled SPIRINOLACTONE (Mineralocorticoid
antagonist)
- Sacubitril/valsartan are angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors and can replace
ACEi
- Furosomide and digoxin for symptoms
What are the treatments of heart failure with preserved ejection fracture? - ✔✔- Mostly
symptomatic
- Control co-morbidities like Hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
Answers 100% Pass
What is cardiac output? - ✔✔Amount of blood heart pumps each minute
What is the equation for cardiac output? - ✔✔CO = HR x SV
What is ejection fraction? - ✔✔The percentage of total blood in the ventricle that gets
pumped out with each systolic contraction
What is a normal ejection fraction? - ✔✔50-70%
What causes heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? - ✔✔Failure of the ventricle to
pump out blood effectively during systolic contraction
What is the ejection fraction commonly in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? -
✔✔<40%
What is the cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? - ✔✔Failure of
ventricle to fill properly
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,Does heart failure with reduced ejection fraction cause the heart to look bigger or
smaller? - ✔✔Bigger- causes hypertrophic growth with thin walls
Does heart failure with preserved ejection fraction cause the heart to look bigger or
smaller? - ✔✔Normal size but hypertrophy happens in an inwards pattern restricting
the volume of the ventricles
What are 5 symptoms of left sided heart failure? - ✔✔1- Dyspnoea
2- Orthopnoea
3- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
4- Cough
5- Cardiac wheeze
What are 3 symptoms of right sided heart failure? - ✔✔1- Oedema
2- Ascites
3- Raised JVP
Briefly, what are the 4 classes of the New York Heart Association heart failure grading?
- ✔✔Class I- No limitation of physical activity
Class II- Slight limitation of physical activity
Class III- Marked limitation of physical activity
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
, Class IV- Unable to do any physical activity. Symptoms of heart failure at rest
What are conservative management options of heart failure? - ✔✔- Salt reduction
- Stopping smoking
- Annual flu and pneumonia vaccines
- Tracking weight as sudden weight gain can represent oedema and water retention
- Exercise
What are the medications used for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? - ✔✔-
ACE Inhibitor
- Beta Blocker
- Then if symptoms aren't fully controlled SPIRINOLACTONE (Mineralocorticoid
antagonist)
- Sacubitril/valsartan are angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors and can replace
ACEi
- Furosomide and digoxin for symptoms
What are the treatments of heart failure with preserved ejection fracture? - ✔✔- Mostly
symptomatic
- Control co-morbidities like Hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes
100% Pass Guarantee Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
