BIO 256 Exam 4 (Latest Update 2025) Questions and Answers (GRADED A) Chamberlain.

BIO 256 Exam 4 (Latest Update 2025) Questions and Answers (GRADED A) Chamberlain. The most important line of defense used by the innate defense system is inflammation pyrogens, secreted by activated phagocytes cause elevation of internal body temperature//fever fever production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting which is a correct statement about the functions of antibodies? complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection select the correct statement about immunodeficiency the causative agent is acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins which of the following is NOT necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? diffusion of CO2 into pulmonary capillaries and O2 into alveoli when a gas mixture is in contact with liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure with the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released to the tissues because a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond Which of the following does NOT influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated? decrease in lactic acid levels the filtration membrane includes all except renal fascia which of the following is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? creatinine which part of the kidney is hypertonic, aiding in water reabsorption? renal medulla an increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to an increase in the production of ADH which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? the stretching of the bladder wall true or false: no new antibiotic classes have been discovered since 1987. true which cavity specifically refers to the space INSIDE the lungs pulmonary a young woman has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology there will be a temporary increase in blood volume atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made by the atria of the heart. the influence of this hormone is reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention the maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of the control of respiratory ventilation which is true about angiotensin proteins angiotensinogen is made into angiotensin I by renin which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response? replaces injured tissues with connective tissues which are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area cytokines the antibody released by plasma cells during the primary immune response is igM _____ ultimately determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist genes select the correct statement about physical factors that influencing pulmonary ventilation as alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required dalton's law states that in mixture of gases, each gas exerts its own partial pressure select the statement about oxygen transport in blood increased arterial pH enhances hemoglobin's oxygen-carrying capacity what would happen if the kidney's capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? net filtration would decrease tubular reabsorption by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient the descending limb of the loop of henle contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla the function of angiotensin II is to constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure Angiotensin II does all of the following except it causes a decrease in blood volume kidney tubular secretion means transepithelial transport, peritubular capillary blood to the tubular fluid phagocyte mobilization involves mainly neutrophil and microphages migration into inflamed areas interferons interfere with viral replication within cells during fever, your liver and spleen sequester iron and zinc. This inhibits the growth of microorganisms small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called haptens cancer cells and virus infected body cells can be killed before activation of the immune system by natural killer cells which blood cells make antibodies B-lymphocytes which is an antibody attached to mast cells and basophils that makes them release histamine when an antigen binds to it IgE which provides a higher antibody titer against the same disease agent secondary immune response when a baby absorbs antibodies from her mother's milk, she will develop an elevated antibody titer, but no immune memory human cells infected with a virus or intracellular parasite can only be eliminated by the work of t-lymphocytes the single most effective way to prevent the spread of disease is handwashing inspiration occurs with alveolar pressure less than atmospheric pressure airway resistance is affected primarily by diameter of medium sized bronchi with bronchial constriction occurring during an asthma attack, you would expect the forced expiratory volume to be low oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by diffusion We have an expert-written solution to this problem! smooth transitions between inspiration and expiration are controlled by the pons respiratory center when a person holds their breath as long as they can, they have enduced respiratory acidosis urine formation consists of three main mechanisms. Which is NOT one of those mechanisms cell migration if the glomerular filtration rate is high, you expect the clearance value for urea to be high decreased compliance is most characteristic of which pulmonary disorder pulmonary fibrosis the only immunoglobin to exist as a pentamer (containing 5 subunits) is IgM respiratory control centers are located in the medulla and pons which of the following is part of the second line of defense against microorganisms phagocytes which respiratory gas is least soluble in water N2 when a person hyperventilates until they faint, they faint because they have induced respiratory alkalosis the factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the glomerular hydrostatic pressure the mechanism allowing water reabsorption by the renal tubules is osmosis one of the major physiological factors triggering thirst is a rise in plasma osmolarity the system specifically recognizing foreign molecules and acts to immobilize, neutralize or destroy them is the adaptive immune system the process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called chemotaxis the chief antibody-mediated mechanism used against cellular antigens, such as bacteria is what? complement fixation which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens reactivity with an antibody antibody functions include all of the following EXCEPT cross-linked cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched the primary adaptive immune response has a LAG PERIOD while B-cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma what molecules on your cells are used by your lymphocytes to recognize your cells as "self" MHC protein which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease type II diabetes surface tension exists in alveoli because polar water molecules are more strongly attracted to each other than to gas molecules in the air the lung volume representing the total volume of exchangeable air is the vital capacity when you contract the respiratory muscles including your diaphragm, you create a ____ volume in your lungs and ____ intra-pulmonary pressure greater, lower which statement about CO2 is INCORRECT more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs select the CORRECT statement about neural mechanisms of respiratory control the pons is thought to be the instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration which is a site of both secretion and reabsorption proximal convoluted tubule which process assures that drugs like penicillin are removed from the body, even though they are not filtered tubular secretion which would be normal constituent of urine sodium ions which is not true about helper T cells they replicate in response to HIV infection respiratory acidosis can occur when a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction helper t cells function in adaptive system activation a vaccination will stimulate the production of immune memory and antibodies which involves cellular immunity cytotoxic t cells destroy viral infected cells what molecules on your macrophages are used to display antigen fragments for detection by your t lymphocytes MHC proteins alcohol acts as a diuretic because it inhibits the release of ADH which is not an electrolyte cholesterol//phosphlipids which is an electrolyte Na+ when alveolar (or intrapulmonary) pressure is less than atmospheric pressure, air moves ___ the lungs into urine is propelled to the urinary bladder from the kidneys by ureter peristalsis the clearance value of glucose is zero. What does this mean normally all the glucose is reabsorbed which process eliminates plasma urea reabsorbed by passive processes tubular secretion which substance is least likely to be completely reabsorbed by kidneys of a normal person sodium ions the erythrocyte count increases after a while when an indiviudal goes from a low to a high altitude because the concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes boyle's law states that in a mixture of gases, each gas exerts its own partial pressure inspiratory capacity is the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration compliance is affected primarily by the amount of elastic tissue in the lungs and the amount of surfactant cytotoxic t cells attack cancer cells which is the least specific type of immunity innate which cell resides in tissues to prevent infections macrophages the first line of defense of the innate defense system is external body membranes (skin and mucosae) the process by which neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called what chemotaxis the chief antibody-mediated mechanism used against cellular antigens, such as bacteria is what complement fixation how does your immune system prevent attack on "self" tolerance is developed during fetal life, through interactions with self antigens in the bone marrow and thymus the redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by vasodialation which is a beneficial result of fever increased metabolic rate select the correct statement about antigens one antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody natural killer cells can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated which of the following is NOT a type of T cell antigenic in clonal selction of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned antigens binding surface antibodies which is a correct statement about the functions of antibodies complement fixation allows antibodies to provide protection against bacteria when an antivenom is injected into a snake bite victim, they will develop an elevated antibody titer, but no immune memory which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders a second exposure to an allergen the factors responsible for holding the lungs open include surface tension of the pleural fluid and no outside opening to the pleural cavity which of the following does NOT diminish lung compliance factors decreasing the surface tension in alveoli in plasma, the greater oxygen in solution is ... which hormone promotes a higher urine volume atrial natriuretic peptide an important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is in the range of 1.001-1.035 which of the following is NOT true regarding the immunocompetence of B and T cells exposure to foreign antigens in the bone marrow or thymus determines which antigens immune cells will recognize and resist antibody receptor variability is produced by selective splicing of VDJ segments of the antibody producing genes when the alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure the lungs are ... kidney tubular reabsorption means ... which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the interstitial fluid aldosterone Which of the following hormones is most important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys, effecting the permeability of the collecting duct antidiuretic hormone which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the adaptive immune system it is specific for particular organs the inflammatory response includes hyperemia in the locale, which causes redness and swelling, contributing to pain perceived which is the primary stimulus for a newborn's first inspiration increased carbon dioxide in the blood detected by the medulla which is the site of filtration glomerulus suppressor T cells may help prevent inappropriate immune reaction the antigen-driven activation of lymphocytes is known as clonal selection clonal selection is absolutely necessary for immune responses two identical cells (clones) created by lymphocyte differentiation are effector cells (plasma cells) and memory cells primary immune response antigen-induced lymphocyte changes after a persons first exposure secondary immune responses occur more rapidly and with greater magnitude than primary response why does expired air contain more water than inspired air water diffuses into alveoli from pulmonary capillaries in plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is much less than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin a possible cause of hypoxia is too little oxygen in the atmosphere partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the pulmonary veins than in the pulmonary arteries true We have an expert-written solution to this problem! hyperventilation can cause respiratory alkalosis which hormone is important in regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the interstitial fluid aldosterone the kidneys respond to a rise in plasma pH by secreating bicarbonate which of the following does not result in the formation of new "self antigens" in the human body changes in pH that unfold (denature) self antigen proteins which is not in the conducting zone of the respiratory tree alveoli a falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide, occurring due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates respiratory acidosis t lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the thymus which of the following is characteristic of antibodies composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains the juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure if the renal clearance value for a new antibiotic is low, this means a low dosage may be necessary or toxic antibiotic levels may develop when the urinary bladder is full, and it is convenient and appropriate to urinate, spinal reflexes will stimulate contraction of the ___ and inhibit contraction of the ___ detrussor muscle, internal and external urethral sphincters We have an expert-written solution to this problem! immunocompetence is the ability of cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the red bone marrow the macula densa cells respond to: changes in solute content in filtrate (sodium) why don't you get the mumps twice immune memory and secondary immune response stops infection innate immune system defenses include phagocytes The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the cytotoxic cells Clonal selection of B cells results in the formation of plasma cells Cytotoxic T cells are also known as ___ and they ___ CD8 (T8) cells, destroy cells harboring foreign antigens Tidal volume is air exchanged during normal breathing Expired air has a greater oxygen content than alveolar air because alveolar air mixes with air in the anatomic dead space on its way out Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? The chloride shift mechanism enhances CO2 transport Which of the following statements is CORRECT Low H+ acts directly on central chemoreceptors to decrease the rate and depth of breathing The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the kidney's filtration membranes is glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure). We have an expert-written solution to this problem! Reabsorption of high levels of glucose in filtrate is accomplished by secondary active transport the body responds to a drop in pH by secreting ___ in the proximal convoluted tubule more H+ The mechanism establishing the renal medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the descending loop of Henle The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin by a decrease in the blood pressure When the urinary bladder is full, but it is inconvenient to urinate, spinal reflexes will stimulate contraction of the___ and inhibit contraction of the ___. internal and external urethral sphincters, detrussor muscle decreased airway resistance means the airways have been dilated A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates respiratory acidosis Which causes mediators of the immune response to be released tissue damage B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by producing antigen-specific antibodies Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit IgM contains 10 binding sites Which respiratory gas is most soluble in water CO2 excretion of dilute urine requires: impermeability of the collecting tubule to water