4 Humours Theory Arab Medecine How the Church Helped progress
▪ Body contains 4 important liquids: phlegm, ▪ From 5th century, western roman empire was in decay. Written work become ▪ Funded Healthcare/ doctor training
blood, yellow and black bile scarcer + books burnt down – Europe entering the dark ages ▪ Formed an organised structure w/ proper structure
▪ To be healthy the liquids needed to stay in ▪ In contrast, in middle east, Islamic doctors played an important role in saving ▪ With roman empire collapsed, Christian church took control + filled
balance much of the knowledge by translating books written in Greek and latin into power void
• Began a process of using observation to Arabic ▪ Church Hospitals would ‘treat’ poor for free/ low charge
understand illness ▪ Islamic empire ruled by one man aka Caliph – this provided peace + order for
▪ Over 700 hospitals set up in England between 1000 and 1500
• Theory was adopted for over 1000 years progress + funded money Bl
▪ Basic treatments like taking pulse was more consistent across country
▪ Avicenna wrote may texts and 40 of his medical tests have survived including ▪
The book of healing and the Canon of Medicine. Can. Of Med. Was printed in
Europe at least 60 times between 1216 and 1574, and remained a major How the Church limited progress
Hippocrates and Galen
authority for medical students in the Islamic world and in Europe until 1700s ▪ No dissection, Didn’t want new ideas , Medial training dictated by
▪ Hippocrates:
▪ Rhazes wrote first authentic description of symptoms of smallpox religion
▪ Believed in Importance of Observation and ▪
▪ Ibn Al Nafis concluded Galen was wrong about circulatory system (Galen got it ▪ Only allowed approved ideas - The Church approved Galen’s works
created 4 Humours Theory. Believed Diet and
wrong cos u needed to vivisect (disect living) to understand). Al Nafis correctly because he believed in a single God; this fitted with their ideas.
Rest were important for Patient Recovery
described blood flow from heart and lungs but his books were not read in West This also meant if you were to challenge Galen’s ideas it would be
▪ Doctors around the world take Hippocratic oath ▪
so Eu. Continued to accept Galen’s mistake until 17c – lack of communication taken as a challenge on the Church.
(where you promise to use your skill to help not ▪
▪ After Establishment in AD900s, Islamic Hospitals (AKA Bimaristans) were sites ▪ In 1277, Roger Bacon arrested for encouraging doctors to perform
harm)
of medical education as well as healing – contained lecture rooms, their own investigation
▪ At the time. Typical treatments included
pharmacies, and libraries. Reading and mastering texts was as important was ▪ Doctor role = care not cure – provide comfort to patients by giving
trepanning (drilling holes into peoples head for
practical training religious reasons. The hospitals, ran by monks and nun, with the ▪
migraines etc.) to remove evil spirits stuck
▪ Cleanliness encouraged and hospitals were centred around cooling breezes power of prayer and comfort tended to care for rather than cure for
inside head.
and fountain were good circulation the sick (limited progress)
▪ Galen:
▪ Believed in miraculous heling + encouraged people to go to shrines ▪
▪ Worked as a gladiator surgeon in Rome
and pilgrims
▪ Theory of opposites – i Examples – if you Beliefs about the Causes of Illness ▪ No printing press so much knowledge was passed by priests
could see the patient was hot and red (i.e. a ▪ God: If society was being sinful, then an epidemic was sent by God, to ▪ Throughout the High Middle Ages, the Church had a strong hold
fever) they clearly had too much blood and remind people their duties to church, divine retribution, Belief in Doctrine ▪
over Western thought and education, as well as society and
needed to get it out. of Signatures: God had created illness, but in his kindness had also culture.
▪ Galen encouraged dissections – proved many created the right herbs to treat the illness ▪
▪ In Europe the Church controlled universities because that is where
things via dissecting dead animals ▪ Miasma: Mortality rate was higher in towns and cities than in countryside + ▪
religion was studied, medicine was usually the second subject after
▪ Whilst Galen wrote many books, some of his travellers said you could often smell a town b4 u could see it so ppl made ▪
religion. also controlled hospitals
ideas were incorrect – said left kidney was the link ▪
▪ The Church controlled the training of doctors at Oxford and
lower than right – correct for apes but not for ▪ Everyday Life: illness+ early death was inevitable = high mortality rate from Cambridge. There they taught the medical ideas of Hippocrates and
humans childbirth, frequent wars and famines Galen. The training was to make old knowledge clear, not to discover
▪ Said human body was soo perfect that there ▪ The Supernatural – witches, evil spirits ▪
new ideas.- shaped mentality of physicians
must have been a creator – church liked this ▪ Imbalance of 4 humours
<1000 1000 - 1150 1150 - 1300 1300
Who would treat the sick? What Treatments? Other Factors which helped progress Public Health
▪ There were actually very few university trained physicians in England, and they ▪ In medieval England, disease was very common: dysentery, ▪ War – endemic (disease regular ▪ Today Public
were very expensive to see! typhoid, smallpox and measles were all widespread. occurred here) in medieval times and health was s
▪ Less respected but more common were barber-surgeons in towns. Even their ▪ Up to 10% of the population died from those four diseases in led to surgery advances largely wine ▪ Difficult to c
services were too expensive for many. Barber surgeons needed to serve an the early 14th century. to use as an antiseptic instead of used for drin
apprenticeship before becoming qualified ▪ Childbirth was highly dangerous for women – the infant cauterisation of wounds. Opium used and their link
▪ Barber and surgeon were the same job – they would administer cuts to the hair mortality rate (30% before 7) and death in childbirth rate was as a painkiller .Most Medieval overcrowded
or body, as required by the customer. high surgery learnt and experimented on ▪ 1298 -King E
▪ Physicians in England did not normally perform surgery. So barber-surgeons ▪ A common treatment was bloodletting (or purging), where a battlefield John Arderne was a war ▪ Parliament pa
were not primarily a cheaper alternative to physicians – they gave different vein was opened to remove blood, or leeches to suck it out. surgeon who developed painkiller laws + catch
treatments. People also commonly went to monks who provided medicines. This was used when a patient was thought to have too much mixture from opium , and wrote a ▪ Conditions in
▪ Body contains 4 important liquids: phlegm, ▪ From 5th century, western roman empire was in decay. Written work become ▪ Funded Healthcare/ doctor training
blood, yellow and black bile scarcer + books burnt down – Europe entering the dark ages ▪ Formed an organised structure w/ proper structure
▪ To be healthy the liquids needed to stay in ▪ In contrast, in middle east, Islamic doctors played an important role in saving ▪ With roman empire collapsed, Christian church took control + filled
balance much of the knowledge by translating books written in Greek and latin into power void
• Began a process of using observation to Arabic ▪ Church Hospitals would ‘treat’ poor for free/ low charge
understand illness ▪ Islamic empire ruled by one man aka Caliph – this provided peace + order for
▪ Over 700 hospitals set up in England between 1000 and 1500
• Theory was adopted for over 1000 years progress + funded money Bl
▪ Basic treatments like taking pulse was more consistent across country
▪ Avicenna wrote may texts and 40 of his medical tests have survived including ▪
The book of healing and the Canon of Medicine. Can. Of Med. Was printed in
Europe at least 60 times between 1216 and 1574, and remained a major How the Church limited progress
Hippocrates and Galen
authority for medical students in the Islamic world and in Europe until 1700s ▪ No dissection, Didn’t want new ideas , Medial training dictated by
▪ Hippocrates:
▪ Rhazes wrote first authentic description of symptoms of smallpox religion
▪ Believed in Importance of Observation and ▪
▪ Ibn Al Nafis concluded Galen was wrong about circulatory system (Galen got it ▪ Only allowed approved ideas - The Church approved Galen’s works
created 4 Humours Theory. Believed Diet and
wrong cos u needed to vivisect (disect living) to understand). Al Nafis correctly because he believed in a single God; this fitted with their ideas.
Rest were important for Patient Recovery
described blood flow from heart and lungs but his books were not read in West This also meant if you were to challenge Galen’s ideas it would be
▪ Doctors around the world take Hippocratic oath ▪
so Eu. Continued to accept Galen’s mistake until 17c – lack of communication taken as a challenge on the Church.
(where you promise to use your skill to help not ▪
▪ After Establishment in AD900s, Islamic Hospitals (AKA Bimaristans) were sites ▪ In 1277, Roger Bacon arrested for encouraging doctors to perform
harm)
of medical education as well as healing – contained lecture rooms, their own investigation
▪ At the time. Typical treatments included
pharmacies, and libraries. Reading and mastering texts was as important was ▪ Doctor role = care not cure – provide comfort to patients by giving
trepanning (drilling holes into peoples head for
practical training religious reasons. The hospitals, ran by monks and nun, with the ▪
migraines etc.) to remove evil spirits stuck
▪ Cleanliness encouraged and hospitals were centred around cooling breezes power of prayer and comfort tended to care for rather than cure for
inside head.
and fountain were good circulation the sick (limited progress)
▪ Galen:
▪ Believed in miraculous heling + encouraged people to go to shrines ▪
▪ Worked as a gladiator surgeon in Rome
and pilgrims
▪ Theory of opposites – i Examples – if you Beliefs about the Causes of Illness ▪ No printing press so much knowledge was passed by priests
could see the patient was hot and red (i.e. a ▪ God: If society was being sinful, then an epidemic was sent by God, to ▪ Throughout the High Middle Ages, the Church had a strong hold
fever) they clearly had too much blood and remind people their duties to church, divine retribution, Belief in Doctrine ▪
over Western thought and education, as well as society and
needed to get it out. of Signatures: God had created illness, but in his kindness had also culture.
▪ Galen encouraged dissections – proved many created the right herbs to treat the illness ▪
▪ In Europe the Church controlled universities because that is where
things via dissecting dead animals ▪ Miasma: Mortality rate was higher in towns and cities than in countryside + ▪
religion was studied, medicine was usually the second subject after
▪ Whilst Galen wrote many books, some of his travellers said you could often smell a town b4 u could see it so ppl made ▪
religion. also controlled hospitals
ideas were incorrect – said left kidney was the link ▪
▪ The Church controlled the training of doctors at Oxford and
lower than right – correct for apes but not for ▪ Everyday Life: illness+ early death was inevitable = high mortality rate from Cambridge. There they taught the medical ideas of Hippocrates and
humans childbirth, frequent wars and famines Galen. The training was to make old knowledge clear, not to discover
▪ Said human body was soo perfect that there ▪ The Supernatural – witches, evil spirits ▪
new ideas.- shaped mentality of physicians
must have been a creator – church liked this ▪ Imbalance of 4 humours
<1000 1000 - 1150 1150 - 1300 1300
Who would treat the sick? What Treatments? Other Factors which helped progress Public Health
▪ There were actually very few university trained physicians in England, and they ▪ In medieval England, disease was very common: dysentery, ▪ War – endemic (disease regular ▪ Today Public
were very expensive to see! typhoid, smallpox and measles were all widespread. occurred here) in medieval times and health was s
▪ Less respected but more common were barber-surgeons in towns. Even their ▪ Up to 10% of the population died from those four diseases in led to surgery advances largely wine ▪ Difficult to c
services were too expensive for many. Barber surgeons needed to serve an the early 14th century. to use as an antiseptic instead of used for drin
apprenticeship before becoming qualified ▪ Childbirth was highly dangerous for women – the infant cauterisation of wounds. Opium used and their link
▪ Barber and surgeon were the same job – they would administer cuts to the hair mortality rate (30% before 7) and death in childbirth rate was as a painkiller .Most Medieval overcrowded
or body, as required by the customer. high surgery learnt and experimented on ▪ 1298 -King E
▪ Physicians in England did not normally perform surgery. So barber-surgeons ▪ A common treatment was bloodletting (or purging), where a battlefield John Arderne was a war ▪ Parliament pa
were not primarily a cheaper alternative to physicians – they gave different vein was opened to remove blood, or leeches to suck it out. surgeon who developed painkiller laws + catch
treatments. People also commonly went to monks who provided medicines. This was used when a patient was thought to have too much mixture from opium , and wrote a ▪ Conditions in
