MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Nucleotide - ANSWER-This is composed of:
-A 5-carbon sugar
-Phosphate group
-Nitrogenous base
Nucleoside - ANSWER--This is composed of:
-A 5-carbon sugar
-Nitrogenous base
-*NO phosphate group*
Phosphodiester bond - ANSWER--This bond forms between the 3' hydroxyl group of
the last nucleotide and the 5' phosphate group of an incoming nucleotide
RNA - ANSWER--Has an -OH on the 2nd sugar
-Single-stranded
-Ribose sugar
DNA - ANSWER--Has a -H group on the 2nd sugar
-Double-stranded
-Deoxyribose sugar
Purine - ANSWER--Nitrogenous base with 2 rings
-Adenine & Guanine
Pyriminidine - ANSWER--Nitrogenous base with 1 ring
-Cytosine, Uracil, & Thymine
Complimentary - ANSWER-Hydrogen bonds form between (blank) nucleotides
Ethidium Bromide - ANSWER--Intercalating agent
-Fluorescent dye that binds DNA
-Allows visualization
Intercalating agent - ANSWER--These penetrate transversely into the center of the
DNA double helix
Denaturing agent - ANSWER--These displace the hydrogen bonds and separate the
two strands of the DNA helix
-Ex. (formamide and urea)
Semiconservative replication - ANSWER--Produces two copies that each contain 1
original strand and 1 new strand
-Watson and Crick predicted
, Leading strand - ANSWER-What strand is in the 3' to 5' orientation and DNA
replication is *continuous*?
Lagging strand - ANSWER-What strand is in the 5' to 3' orientation and DNA
replication is *discontinuous*?
5' to 3' - ANSWER-DNA replication proceeds with the new daughter strand
synthesized in which direction?
Okazaki fragments - ANSWER-These are created due to the discontinuous manner
of the lagging strand...
Melting temperature (Tm) - ANSWER--Temperature at which 50% of the bases are
denatured
-Depends on the *length* of the DNA molecule and it's *specific nucleotide
sequence*
Euchromatin - ANSWER--Chromatin actively being worked on (under active
transcription)
-Loose nucleosomes
Heterochromatin - ANSWER--Chromatin transcribed less frequently
-Tightly packed nucleosomes
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - ANSWER--This DNA is passed down from our
mothers (transmitted through the female egg)
- is found in mitochondria
2 - ANSWER-How many hydrogen bonds form between Adenine and Thymine?
3 - ANSWER-How many hydrogen bonds form between Guanine and Cytosine?
C1 - ANSWER-What carbon do the nitrogenous bases bind to on the 5-carbon
sugar?
C5 - ANSWER-What carbon do the phosphate groups bind to on the 5-carbon
sugar?
Nucleic Acid - ANSWER--Macromolecule made of nucleotides bound together by the
phosphate and hydroxyl groups on their sugars
Hybridization - ANSWER--The formation of hydrogen bonds between two
complimentary strands of DNA is called....
dNTPs - ANSWER--These are the building blocks for DNA replication (they lose two
of the phosphate groups in the process of incorporation)
-Nucleoside triphosphates containing deoxyribose are abbreviated this...
PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Nucleotide - ANSWER-This is composed of:
-A 5-carbon sugar
-Phosphate group
-Nitrogenous base
Nucleoside - ANSWER--This is composed of:
-A 5-carbon sugar
-Nitrogenous base
-*NO phosphate group*
Phosphodiester bond - ANSWER--This bond forms between the 3' hydroxyl group of
the last nucleotide and the 5' phosphate group of an incoming nucleotide
RNA - ANSWER--Has an -OH on the 2nd sugar
-Single-stranded
-Ribose sugar
DNA - ANSWER--Has a -H group on the 2nd sugar
-Double-stranded
-Deoxyribose sugar
Purine - ANSWER--Nitrogenous base with 2 rings
-Adenine & Guanine
Pyriminidine - ANSWER--Nitrogenous base with 1 ring
-Cytosine, Uracil, & Thymine
Complimentary - ANSWER-Hydrogen bonds form between (blank) nucleotides
Ethidium Bromide - ANSWER--Intercalating agent
-Fluorescent dye that binds DNA
-Allows visualization
Intercalating agent - ANSWER--These penetrate transversely into the center of the
DNA double helix
Denaturing agent - ANSWER--These displace the hydrogen bonds and separate the
two strands of the DNA helix
-Ex. (formamide and urea)
Semiconservative replication - ANSWER--Produces two copies that each contain 1
original strand and 1 new strand
-Watson and Crick predicted
, Leading strand - ANSWER-What strand is in the 3' to 5' orientation and DNA
replication is *continuous*?
Lagging strand - ANSWER-What strand is in the 5' to 3' orientation and DNA
replication is *discontinuous*?
5' to 3' - ANSWER-DNA replication proceeds with the new daughter strand
synthesized in which direction?
Okazaki fragments - ANSWER-These are created due to the discontinuous manner
of the lagging strand...
Melting temperature (Tm) - ANSWER--Temperature at which 50% of the bases are
denatured
-Depends on the *length* of the DNA molecule and it's *specific nucleotide
sequence*
Euchromatin - ANSWER--Chromatin actively being worked on (under active
transcription)
-Loose nucleosomes
Heterochromatin - ANSWER--Chromatin transcribed less frequently
-Tightly packed nucleosomes
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - ANSWER--This DNA is passed down from our
mothers (transmitted through the female egg)
- is found in mitochondria
2 - ANSWER-How many hydrogen bonds form between Adenine and Thymine?
3 - ANSWER-How many hydrogen bonds form between Guanine and Cytosine?
C1 - ANSWER-What carbon do the nitrogenous bases bind to on the 5-carbon
sugar?
C5 - ANSWER-What carbon do the phosphate groups bind to on the 5-carbon
sugar?
Nucleic Acid - ANSWER--Macromolecule made of nucleotides bound together by the
phosphate and hydroxyl groups on their sugars
Hybridization - ANSWER--The formation of hydrogen bonds between two
complimentary strands of DNA is called....
dNTPs - ANSWER--These are the building blocks for DNA replication (they lose two
of the phosphate groups in the process of incorporation)
-Nucleoside triphosphates containing deoxyribose are abbreviated this...
