BIO 251
BIOS 251 Anatomy and Physiology 1
Final Exam Questions with Answers
2025
What are the levels of organization? - Correct Ans-1. chemical level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level
4. organ level
5. organ system level
6. organismal level
Superior - Correct Ans-Towards the head, or upper part of a structure
Inferior - Correct Ans-Towards the feet, or the lowest part of a structure
Anterior/Ventral - Correct Ans-Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior/Dorsal - Correct Ans-Nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial - Correct Ans-Nearer to the midline or the midsagittal plane
Lateral - Correct Ans-Farther away from the body midline or midsagittal plane
Intermediate - Correct Ans-Between two structures
Proximal - Correct Ans-Nearer to the attachment of a limb to a trunk
Distal - Correct Ans-Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial - Correct Ans-Toward or on the body surface
Deep - Correct Ans-Away from the surface of the body
Supination - Correct Ans-Palms up/anterior
Pronation - Correct Ans-Palms down/posterior
Inversion - Correct Ans-Soles pointing in or medially
Eversion - Correct Ans-Soles pointing out or laterally
Dorsiflexion - Correct Ans-Bending the foot back, towards the body
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,BIO 251
Plantar Flexion - Correct Ans-Pointing the foot down, away from the body
Cranial - Correct Ans-Towards the head or superior end of the body
Caudal - Correct Ans-Toward the tail or inferior end of the trunk (cauda equina)
Ipsilateral - Correct Ans-Situated on or pertaining to the same side of the body
Contralateral - Correct Ans-Situated on or pertaining to the opposite side of the body
Flexion - Correct Ans-Decrease of angle between two bones
Lateral flexion - Correct Ans-Bending the neck or torso to the side
Rotation - Correct Ans-Moving a bone or body part around its own axis
Abduction - Correct Ans-Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction - Correct Ans-Movement toward the midline of the body
Antecubital - Correct Ans-Situated in front of the elbow
Axillary - Correct Ans-Small pyramidal space between the upper lateral chest and arm
Brachial - Correct Ans-Pertaining to the arm (from shoulder to elbow)
Buccal - Correct Ans-Cheek
Calcaneal - Correct Ans-Heel
Carpal - Correct Ans-Wrist
Cervical - Correct Ans-Neck or neck of an organ structure
Digital - Correct Ans-Finger manipulation or imprint
Femoral - Correct Ans-Thigh
Glabella - Correct Ans-Between the eyebrows
Gluteal - Correct Ans-Buttocks
Inguinal - Correct Ans-The juncture between the abdomen and thigh (groin)
Lumbar - Correct Ans-Part of the back between the thorax and pelvis (loins)
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,BIO 251
Mammary - Correct Ans-Breast
Occipital - Correct Ans-Posterior inferior portion of the cranium
Orbital - Correct Ans-Bone cavity of the eyeball
Patellar - Correct Ans-Front of the knee
Plantar - Correct Ans-Sole of the foot
Popliteal - Correct Ans-Posterior surface of the knee (back of the knee)
Pubic - Correct Ans-Anterior inferior portion of the hip bone
Scapular - Correct Ans-Flat, triangular bone in the back of the shoulder (shoulder blade)
Sternal - Correct Ans-Sternum
Tarsal - Correct Ans-Ankle bones
Thoracic - Correct Ans-Chest or spinal region (thorax)
Vertebral - Correct Ans-Pertaining to the 24 bones of the spinal column
Saggital Plane - Correct Ans-Vertical plane that divides the body/organs into *right and
left sides.*
Midsaggital Plane - Correct Ans-When the right and left sides are *equal in size* and
*runs through the midline of the body/organs*
Parasaggital plane - Correct Ans-When the body/organs are divided into *unequal right
and left sides.*
Frontal/Coronal Plane - Correct Ans-Divides the body/organs into *anterior and
posterior portions.*
Transverse Plane - Correct Ans-Divides the body into *superior and inferior portions.*
Oblique Plane - Correct Ans-Passes through the body/organ at a *diagonal angle.*
Four Quadrants - Correct Ans-Left Lower Quadrant:
Intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
Right Lower Quadrant:
appendix, intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
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Right Upper Quadrant:
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines
Left Upper Quadrant:
stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas and intestines
What is a serous membrane and what lines the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera? -
Correct Ans-The thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral
body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains.
-The serous membrane covering the *heart* and lining the *mediastinum* is referred to
as the *pericardium,
-The serous membrane lining the *thoracic cavity* and *surrounding the lungs* is
referred to as the *pleura*
-The serous membrane that lines the *abdominopelvic cavity* and the *viscera* is
referred to as the *peritoneum.*
Body cavities w/ details visual - Correct Ans-
Homeostasis - Correct Ans-Maintaining a stable internal environment
-Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body
temperature and pressure
*Positive feedback loop* - The output *enhances the original stimulus.* A good example
of a positive feedback system is *child birth.* During labor, a hormone called oxytocin is
released that intensifies and speeds up contractions. The increase in contractions
causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born. The
birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism.
*Negative feedback loop* - Almost all homeostatic control mechanisms are negative
feedback mechanisms.
-These mechanisms *change the variable back to its original state or "ideal value".*
- The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is a good example of a negative
feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change .
In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering
blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops
releasing insulin.
*Homeostasis control variables*
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BIOS 251 Anatomy and Physiology 1
Final Exam Questions with Answers
2025
What are the levels of organization? - Correct Ans-1. chemical level
2. cellular level
3. tissue level
4. organ level
5. organ system level
6. organismal level
Superior - Correct Ans-Towards the head, or upper part of a structure
Inferior - Correct Ans-Towards the feet, or the lowest part of a structure
Anterior/Ventral - Correct Ans-Nearer to or at the front of the body
Posterior/Dorsal - Correct Ans-Nearer to or at the back of the body
Medial - Correct Ans-Nearer to the midline or the midsagittal plane
Lateral - Correct Ans-Farther away from the body midline or midsagittal plane
Intermediate - Correct Ans-Between two structures
Proximal - Correct Ans-Nearer to the attachment of a limb to a trunk
Distal - Correct Ans-Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Superficial - Correct Ans-Toward or on the body surface
Deep - Correct Ans-Away from the surface of the body
Supination - Correct Ans-Palms up/anterior
Pronation - Correct Ans-Palms down/posterior
Inversion - Correct Ans-Soles pointing in or medially
Eversion - Correct Ans-Soles pointing out or laterally
Dorsiflexion - Correct Ans-Bending the foot back, towards the body
1|Page
,BIO 251
Plantar Flexion - Correct Ans-Pointing the foot down, away from the body
Cranial - Correct Ans-Towards the head or superior end of the body
Caudal - Correct Ans-Toward the tail or inferior end of the trunk (cauda equina)
Ipsilateral - Correct Ans-Situated on or pertaining to the same side of the body
Contralateral - Correct Ans-Situated on or pertaining to the opposite side of the body
Flexion - Correct Ans-Decrease of angle between two bones
Lateral flexion - Correct Ans-Bending the neck or torso to the side
Rotation - Correct Ans-Moving a bone or body part around its own axis
Abduction - Correct Ans-Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction - Correct Ans-Movement toward the midline of the body
Antecubital - Correct Ans-Situated in front of the elbow
Axillary - Correct Ans-Small pyramidal space between the upper lateral chest and arm
Brachial - Correct Ans-Pertaining to the arm (from shoulder to elbow)
Buccal - Correct Ans-Cheek
Calcaneal - Correct Ans-Heel
Carpal - Correct Ans-Wrist
Cervical - Correct Ans-Neck or neck of an organ structure
Digital - Correct Ans-Finger manipulation or imprint
Femoral - Correct Ans-Thigh
Glabella - Correct Ans-Between the eyebrows
Gluteal - Correct Ans-Buttocks
Inguinal - Correct Ans-The juncture between the abdomen and thigh (groin)
Lumbar - Correct Ans-Part of the back between the thorax and pelvis (loins)
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,BIO 251
Mammary - Correct Ans-Breast
Occipital - Correct Ans-Posterior inferior portion of the cranium
Orbital - Correct Ans-Bone cavity of the eyeball
Patellar - Correct Ans-Front of the knee
Plantar - Correct Ans-Sole of the foot
Popliteal - Correct Ans-Posterior surface of the knee (back of the knee)
Pubic - Correct Ans-Anterior inferior portion of the hip bone
Scapular - Correct Ans-Flat, triangular bone in the back of the shoulder (shoulder blade)
Sternal - Correct Ans-Sternum
Tarsal - Correct Ans-Ankle bones
Thoracic - Correct Ans-Chest or spinal region (thorax)
Vertebral - Correct Ans-Pertaining to the 24 bones of the spinal column
Saggital Plane - Correct Ans-Vertical plane that divides the body/organs into *right and
left sides.*
Midsaggital Plane - Correct Ans-When the right and left sides are *equal in size* and
*runs through the midline of the body/organs*
Parasaggital plane - Correct Ans-When the body/organs are divided into *unequal right
and left sides.*
Frontal/Coronal Plane - Correct Ans-Divides the body/organs into *anterior and
posterior portions.*
Transverse Plane - Correct Ans-Divides the body into *superior and inferior portions.*
Oblique Plane - Correct Ans-Passes through the body/organ at a *diagonal angle.*
Four Quadrants - Correct Ans-Left Lower Quadrant:
Intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
Right Lower Quadrant:
appendix, intestines, reproductive organs, urinary tract
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, BIO 251
Right Upper Quadrant:
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines
Left Upper Quadrant:
stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas and intestines
What is a serous membrane and what lines the heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera? -
Correct Ans-The thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral
body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains.
-The serous membrane covering the *heart* and lining the *mediastinum* is referred to
as the *pericardium,
-The serous membrane lining the *thoracic cavity* and *surrounding the lungs* is
referred to as the *pleura*
-The serous membrane that lines the *abdominopelvic cavity* and the *viscera* is
referred to as the *peritoneum.*
Body cavities w/ details visual - Correct Ans-
Homeostasis - Correct Ans-Maintaining a stable internal environment
-Depend on normal concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen, and normal body
temperature and pressure
*Positive feedback loop* - The output *enhances the original stimulus.* A good example
of a positive feedback system is *child birth.* During labor, a hormone called oxytocin is
released that intensifies and speeds up contractions. The increase in contractions
causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born. The
birth ends the release of oxytocin and ends the positive feedback mechanism.
*Negative feedback loop* - Almost all homeostatic control mechanisms are negative
feedback mechanisms.
-These mechanisms *change the variable back to its original state or "ideal value".*
- The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is a good example of a negative
feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change .
In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering
blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops
releasing insulin.
*Homeostasis control variables*
4|Page
