APSC 4464 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS
Identify several routes of Enteral administration - 1. In food
2. in water
3. by mouth
4. by oral gavage
Identify several routes of Parenteral administration - -dermal/topical
-inhalation
-injections
Intradermal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intraperitoneal
Intravenous
Intracardiac
intranasal/ intratracheal
Describe the steps in performing gavage in rodent, and recognize appropriate dose/ volume
ranges - 1. measure from corner of mouth to last rib for proper length/depth of insertion
2. restrain the animal
3. using the needle, push back on hard palate to rock head back so that passage is straight
4. ensure that maximum recommended volume is not exceeded
Identify variables/ concerns related to whole- body inhalation exposure versus nose- only
exposure - 1. Whole body
- Besides being inhaled, also deposits on fur and skin, and can then be ingested orally → greater
dose than originally calculated
,2. Nose only
- Limits to just inhaled dose
Describe why one might choose a luer- lock syringe over a standard syringe. - - With thick
liquids pressure may build when pushing plunger, and the needle may shoot off
- Luer-lock syringe allows the needle to be screwed on so it wont fly off
Recognize the standard convention for identifying needle diameter (eg., lower number - greater
diameter, higher number - smaller diameter) and standard size ranges for the lab animals
discussed - 1. Lower number = Larger gauge (diameter)
Ex: 16/ 18 gauge
2. Higher number = Smaller gauge
Ex: 25 or 27 gauge
3. Standard needle sizes:
23- 27 gauge (rodents)
23 gauge (rabbits)
Provide several reasons why re-use of needles should be discouraged - Tissue trauma
Contamination
pain
Discuss why commercially manufactures (USP) drugs are better than non- pharmaceutical grade
agents - Purity
Sterility
Acid- base balance
Longer storage/ shelf life
Absence of pyrogens (produced by bacterial contaminants)
,Identify common injection sites in rodents and rabbits (IM, SC, IP, IV) - 1. RODENTS
IM (thigh muscle of hind limbs)
≤ 0.05 ml mouse
≤ 0.1 ml hamster
≤ 0.3 ml rats
2. SC (over the back)
≤1 mL mice
≤ 2 ml rats
3. IP (ventral abdomen - near midline of upper portion of lower 2 quadrants)
≤ 1.5 ml mice
≤ 3 ml rats
4. IV (lateral tail veins of rats and mice)
≤ 0.15 ml mice
≤ 1 ml rats
RABBITS
5. IM (thigh muscles of hind limbs; epaxial muscles which parallel the spine)
≤ 0.5 ml
IP (same as rodents)
SC (same as rodents)
IV (marginal ear vein)
, Why is it important to warm fluids? - warm fluids/ agents to near body temperature to
prevent hypothermia
Recognize (in general) the ranges of safe blood collection volumes for the species discussed in
class - Mouse = ≤ 0.3ml
Rat = ≤ 3ml
Hamster = ≤ 1 ml
Rabbit = ≤ 30 ml
Cow = ≤ 500 ml
Recognize why use of a vacutainer for blood collection in rodents may not be successful -
Negative pressure may collapse vessel, preventing the collection of blood
Identify the location of the common vessels used for blood collection in the species discussed in
class - Tail:
- Lateral tail vein(rats and mice)
Hind leg:
- Lateral saphenous vein (rats, mice, hamster, gerbil, guinea pig)
- Medial veins (rats, mice)
- Metatarsal vein (gerbil, guinea pigs)
Front Leg:
- Cephalic vein (hamster, rabbit)
Face:
-Submandibular/facial venipuncture (rats and mice)
Eye:
- Retro-Orbital Sinus (Rats, mice, hamster)
Ear:
- Marginal Ear Vein, central artery (rabbit)
Describe several methods for promoting vasodilation to facilitate blood collection - Warm
the whole animal
ANSWERS
Identify several routes of Enteral administration - 1. In food
2. in water
3. by mouth
4. by oral gavage
Identify several routes of Parenteral administration - -dermal/topical
-inhalation
-injections
Intradermal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intraperitoneal
Intravenous
Intracardiac
intranasal/ intratracheal
Describe the steps in performing gavage in rodent, and recognize appropriate dose/ volume
ranges - 1. measure from corner of mouth to last rib for proper length/depth of insertion
2. restrain the animal
3. using the needle, push back on hard palate to rock head back so that passage is straight
4. ensure that maximum recommended volume is not exceeded
Identify variables/ concerns related to whole- body inhalation exposure versus nose- only
exposure - 1. Whole body
- Besides being inhaled, also deposits on fur and skin, and can then be ingested orally → greater
dose than originally calculated
,2. Nose only
- Limits to just inhaled dose
Describe why one might choose a luer- lock syringe over a standard syringe. - - With thick
liquids pressure may build when pushing plunger, and the needle may shoot off
- Luer-lock syringe allows the needle to be screwed on so it wont fly off
Recognize the standard convention for identifying needle diameter (eg., lower number - greater
diameter, higher number - smaller diameter) and standard size ranges for the lab animals
discussed - 1. Lower number = Larger gauge (diameter)
Ex: 16/ 18 gauge
2. Higher number = Smaller gauge
Ex: 25 or 27 gauge
3. Standard needle sizes:
23- 27 gauge (rodents)
23 gauge (rabbits)
Provide several reasons why re-use of needles should be discouraged - Tissue trauma
Contamination
pain
Discuss why commercially manufactures (USP) drugs are better than non- pharmaceutical grade
agents - Purity
Sterility
Acid- base balance
Longer storage/ shelf life
Absence of pyrogens (produced by bacterial contaminants)
,Identify common injection sites in rodents and rabbits (IM, SC, IP, IV) - 1. RODENTS
IM (thigh muscle of hind limbs)
≤ 0.05 ml mouse
≤ 0.1 ml hamster
≤ 0.3 ml rats
2. SC (over the back)
≤1 mL mice
≤ 2 ml rats
3. IP (ventral abdomen - near midline of upper portion of lower 2 quadrants)
≤ 1.5 ml mice
≤ 3 ml rats
4. IV (lateral tail veins of rats and mice)
≤ 0.15 ml mice
≤ 1 ml rats
RABBITS
5. IM (thigh muscles of hind limbs; epaxial muscles which parallel the spine)
≤ 0.5 ml
IP (same as rodents)
SC (same as rodents)
IV (marginal ear vein)
, Why is it important to warm fluids? - warm fluids/ agents to near body temperature to
prevent hypothermia
Recognize (in general) the ranges of safe blood collection volumes for the species discussed in
class - Mouse = ≤ 0.3ml
Rat = ≤ 3ml
Hamster = ≤ 1 ml
Rabbit = ≤ 30 ml
Cow = ≤ 500 ml
Recognize why use of a vacutainer for blood collection in rodents may not be successful -
Negative pressure may collapse vessel, preventing the collection of blood
Identify the location of the common vessels used for blood collection in the species discussed in
class - Tail:
- Lateral tail vein(rats and mice)
Hind leg:
- Lateral saphenous vein (rats, mice, hamster, gerbil, guinea pig)
- Medial veins (rats, mice)
- Metatarsal vein (gerbil, guinea pigs)
Front Leg:
- Cephalic vein (hamster, rabbit)
Face:
-Submandibular/facial venipuncture (rats and mice)
Eye:
- Retro-Orbital Sinus (Rats, mice, hamster)
Ear:
- Marginal Ear Vein, central artery (rabbit)
Describe several methods for promoting vasodilation to facilitate blood collection - Warm
the whole animal
