BIO 269 Final Exam Study Guide
The alimentary canal is also known as... - ANSWER The gastrointestinal (GI) tract
What organs are part of the GI tract? - ANSWER Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, anus
What are the accessory organs? - ANSWER Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas
What do the salivary glands do? - ANSWER Moisten, lubricate, and breakdown carbs
and fats
What does the pancreas do? - ANSWER Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum that
neutralize stomach acid
What does the liver do? - ANSWER Secrete bile into duodenum, breakdown fats,
neutralize stomach acid
What does the gallbladder do? - ANSWER Stores bile made by the liver
What are the 6 steps of digestion? - ANSWER 1. Ingestion
2. Propulsion
3. Mechanical breakdown
4. Digestion
5. Absorption
6. Defecation
Why is the small intestine important? - ANSWER It is a major site for digestion and
absportion
What are the 4 layers of the small intestine from inside-->out? - ANSWER - Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Serosa
What do the intestinal villi and microvilli do? - ANSWER Increase surface area available
for absorption
What is the difference between intestinal villi and microvilli? - ANSWER Intestinal villi are
, finger like projections (1mm high)
Microvilli are long and densely packed
What is mastication? - ANSWER Chewing
What is deglutination? - ANSWER Swallowing
What are the 3 phases of deglutination? - ANSWER 1. Buccal
2. Pharyngeal
3. Esophageal
What does the upper esophageal sphincter do? - ANSWER Ensures breathing happens
What does the lower esophageal sphincter do? - ANSWER Prevents acid reflux
How long does food passage to the stomach take? - ANSWER 8 seconds
Food in the stomach in converted into what? - ANSWER Chyme
What are the 2 motor functions of the stomach? - ANSWER 1. Receptive relaxation
(stomach relaxes and stretches)
2. Gastric peristalasis
How long does gastric emptying take? - ANSWER 4 hours
Events in the _________ regulate gastric motility (peristalsis) and emptying. - ANSWER
Duodenum
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? - ANSWER - Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
What is segmentation? - ANSWER The mixing of chyme, bile, and intestinal juices
through random contractions in the canal
How long does segmentation take? - ANSWER 3-6 hours
What is the neural control of the small intestine? - ANSWER PNS releases acetylcholine
that increases motility
SNS releases norepinephrine to decrease motlity
What is the hormonal control of the small intestine? - ANSWER Gastrin increases motility
What does the ileocecal valve do? - ANSWER - Separates small and large intestine
- Prevents backflow
The alimentary canal is also known as... - ANSWER The gastrointestinal (GI) tract
What organs are part of the GI tract? - ANSWER Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, anus
What are the accessory organs? - ANSWER Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas
What do the salivary glands do? - ANSWER Moisten, lubricate, and breakdown carbs
and fats
What does the pancreas do? - ANSWER Enzymes are secreted into the duodenum that
neutralize stomach acid
What does the liver do? - ANSWER Secrete bile into duodenum, breakdown fats,
neutralize stomach acid
What does the gallbladder do? - ANSWER Stores bile made by the liver
What are the 6 steps of digestion? - ANSWER 1. Ingestion
2. Propulsion
3. Mechanical breakdown
4. Digestion
5. Absorption
6. Defecation
Why is the small intestine important? - ANSWER It is a major site for digestion and
absportion
What are the 4 layers of the small intestine from inside-->out? - ANSWER - Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Serosa
What do the intestinal villi and microvilli do? - ANSWER Increase surface area available
for absorption
What is the difference between intestinal villi and microvilli? - ANSWER Intestinal villi are
, finger like projections (1mm high)
Microvilli are long and densely packed
What is mastication? - ANSWER Chewing
What is deglutination? - ANSWER Swallowing
What are the 3 phases of deglutination? - ANSWER 1. Buccal
2. Pharyngeal
3. Esophageal
What does the upper esophageal sphincter do? - ANSWER Ensures breathing happens
What does the lower esophageal sphincter do? - ANSWER Prevents acid reflux
How long does food passage to the stomach take? - ANSWER 8 seconds
Food in the stomach in converted into what? - ANSWER Chyme
What are the 2 motor functions of the stomach? - ANSWER 1. Receptive relaxation
(stomach relaxes and stretches)
2. Gastric peristalasis
How long does gastric emptying take? - ANSWER 4 hours
Events in the _________ regulate gastric motility (peristalsis) and emptying. - ANSWER
Duodenum
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? - ANSWER - Duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
What is segmentation? - ANSWER The mixing of chyme, bile, and intestinal juices
through random contractions in the canal
How long does segmentation take? - ANSWER 3-6 hours
What is the neural control of the small intestine? - ANSWER PNS releases acetylcholine
that increases motility
SNS releases norepinephrine to decrease motlity
What is the hormonal control of the small intestine? - ANSWER Gastrin increases motility
What does the ileocecal valve do? - ANSWER - Separates small and large intestine
- Prevents backflow
